阐述机手机具的保护性耕作机制Word文档下载推荐.docx
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阐述机手机具的保护性耕作机制Word文档下载推荐.docx
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深松一般应选在秋季进行,并要及时进行表土处理保墒。
Mechanicaldeeplooseningmaineffectisdeeplooseningsoil,breaktheplough,increaserainfallinfiltrationrate,promoterootgrowth,croptoimprovetheyield.Deeplooseningwaycanchooselocaldeeplooseningorall-rounddeeploosening,25to50cmdeep.Deeplooseningworkableconditionthatsoilmoisturecontentis15%~20%.Toimplementconservationtillageland,deeplooseningcyclecanbecombinedwithsoilconditionsandthenumberofmachinesinto,generallyfor2~3years[3-4].Ofconservationtillageofnewplot,theremaybeaploughbottominterlayer,shouldbe1times,deeplooseningandbreakingtheplough.Deeplooseninggenerallyshouldfallinautumn,andinatimelymannertopsoilsoilconservatonprocessing.
1.2秸秆与表土处理
1.2thestrawandsurfacesoiltreatment
秸秆与表土处理是为了保持良好的地面覆盖,同时又不过分影响播种作业。
若地表秸秆过多、起堆、地表不平时,则需要进行表土作业。
秸秆及表土处理的主要方法有秸秆粉碎、浅耙、浅旋等。
这些作业属于选择型作业,在保证播种质量的前提下,作业项目越少越好,作业深度越浅越好,最多不超过10cm。
Strawandsurfacesoiltreatmentistokeepagoodgroundcover,andnottoomuchinfluenceplantingoperationatthesametime.Ifthesurfaceofthestraw,pileup,thesurfaceisnottoomuch,atordinarytimesyouwillneedtotopsoiloperations.Strawandsurfacesoiltreatmentofthemainmethodsarestrawcrushing,shallowharrow,lightspinning,etc.Thesebelongtowidechoices,homeworkassignmentsonthepremiseofguaranteethequalityofsowing,theprojectisless,thebetter,workingdepthisshallow,thebetter,notmorethan10cm.
1.3免耕施肥播种
1.3no-tillfertilizingseeding
应选择丰产、优质、生育期短、抗当地病虫害的优良包衣种子,根据当地农艺要求及地块情况,选择适宜的免耕播种机播种。
若播种时地表有干土层,则应采取深开沟、浅覆土的方法,保证种子种在湿土上[5]。
播种深度一般为5~6cm。
种肥分施,要保持5cm以上的间隔距离。
为减少蒸发,要尽量减少开沟动土量。
Shouldchoosehighyield,highquality,shortergrowthduration,resistancetoplantdiseasesandinsectpestsoflocalfinecoatingofseeds,accordingtotheagronomicrequirementsandsiteconditions,chooseappropriateno-tillplanterseeding.Iftherearedrysoilsurfaceduringseeding,shouldtakedeeptrenching,shallowcoveringmethod,guaranteetheseedsin[5]onthewetearth.Sowingdepthgenerallyfor5~6cm.Kindsofmaps,tokeepmorethan5cmdistance.Inordertoreduceevaporation,andtrytominimizeopenditchinquantity.
1.4病虫草害防治
1.4diseasecordycepsharmpreventionandcontrol
病虫害主要靠农药拌种预防,发现虫害后及时喷杀虫剂。
保护性耕作一般比传统耕作容易产生草害,故必须随时观察,发生问题,及时处理。
可采用喷除草剂、机械和人工除草等。
Seeddressingtopreventpestsanddiseasesmainlybypesticide,foundthatthepestsafterspraypesticidesinatimelymanner.Conservationtillagegenerallyeasierthantraditionalfarmingproduceweeds,somustobserve,problems,handleintime.Canusesprayherbicides,mechanicalandmanualweeding,etc.
2推广措施
2promotionmeasures
2.1优化和完善保护性耕作模式
2.1optimizeandimprovetheconservationtillagemodes
保护性耕作在国内外发展应用多年,形成了多种比较成功的技术体系。
但由于各地的机械化程度、生产规模、种植工艺等都有较大的差异,因此一定要在遵循保护性耕作技术生产机理的前提下,海吉布充分考虑当地的实际情况,不断地优化和完善适合本区域及当地农艺特点的保护性技术模式[6]。
Conservationtillageathomeandabroad,developmentandapplicationformanyyears,formedavarietyofsuccessfultechnologysystem.Aroundbutbecauseplantingtechnology,productionscale,mechanizationdegreeislargerdifference,thereforemustunderthepremiseoffollowingconservationtillagetechnologyproductionmechanism,givefullconsiderationtothelocalactualsituation,constantlyoptimizeandperfectthesuitableforthisregionandlocalagronomiccharacteristicsofprotectivetechnologymodel[6].
2.2典型示范带头,由点到面推广
2.2typicaldemonstrationleadandinstitutiontransference
农机示范区、示范点是推广保护性耕作技术的重要载体。
要做到规划科学、组织合理、技术体系可行、实际效果明显,才利于群众接受和应用。
Demonstrationpilotprojectofagriculturaldemonstrationzone,istheimportantcarrierofpromotingconservationtillagetechnology.Todoplanningscience,reasonableorganization,technicalsystemisfeasibleandpracticaleffectisobvious,isconducivetothemassestoacceptandapplication.
因此,应首先选择积极性高的农户建立示范点,规范操作技术。
初期进行小地块、多技术体系的试验示范,并及时进行对比总结,让广大群众实实在在看到保护性耕作的效果,使机械化保护性耕作技术的泰安锅炉推广由政府的推行变为农民的自觉行动。
在示范区、示范点取得成效后再在全县大面积迅速推广。
Therefore,weshouldfirstchoosehighenthusiasmoffarmerstoestablishdemonstrationsite,standardizedoperationtechnology.Smallplot,manytechnicalsystemintheearlyyearsoftheexperimentanddemonstration,andcomparesthemtimelysummary,truly,truly,letthemassesseeeffectofconservationtillage,themechanizedconservationtillagetechnologypromotedbythegovernment'
spushtofarmer'
sconsciousaction.Inthedemonstrationarea,demonstrationsiteagainaftersuccessinthecountyarearapidpromotion.
2.3抓好人才培训,做好技术服务
2.3payspecialattentiontothetalentstraining,technicalservices
通过培训,让基层农机技术推广人员掌握保护性耕作技术要点,学会技术推广方法,不断帮助和教育农民提高技术认识的程度和操作机具的水平。
技术指导人员要进村入户,到田间地头、现场进行指导和服务,从技术、经济、文化、理念等方面对农民进行多层次、全方位培训,倡导机手和农户在诚实守信的前提下积极合作,充分利用先进技术。
要发挥有关专家的作用,定期讲座,深入一线,及时排解技术推广中遇到的难题。
Throughtraining,letthegrass-rootsagriculturaltechnologypopularizationpersonnelmastertheconservationtillagetechnologymainpoints,technologypromotionmethods,continuoushelpandeducation,farmersincreasethedegreeoftechnicalknowledgeandthelevelofoperatingmachine.Tovillageandhouseholdtechnicalguidancepersonnel,toprovideguidanceandservices,thefields,fieldfromtheaspectssuchastechnology,economy,culture,ideatomulti-levelandcomprehensivetrainingoffarmers,advocatethemachinistandfarmersonthepremiseofhonestandtrustworthycooperationactively,makefulluseofadvancedtechnology.Theroleoftherelevantexpertsandregularlectures,in-depthfront-line,timelyresolvetheproblemsencounteredinthetechnicalpromotion.
2.4加大宣传力度,营造良好的舆论氛围
2.4intensifypropaganda,createagoodpublicopinionatmosphere
要注重保护性耕作实施效果的宣传,充分发挥报纸、杂志、电视、广播、网络等各媒体的优势,同时结合宣讲国家农机购置补贴等惠农政策,从而调动广大农民群众的购买农业机械的积极性和应用保护性耕作技术的热情。
充分利用技术试验成功典型,主动向上级领导宣传汇报,以争取政策上和资金上的扶持;
积极向村干部宣传,让村干部组织带动全村开展推广;
向农机大户宣讲培训,发挥农机户主力军作用,利用他们的影响力和感染力在全社会营造良好的舆论氛围。
Shouldpayattentiontoconservationtillageeffectofpublicity,givefullplaytothenewspaper,magazine,TV,radio,Internetandsoonvariousmediaadvantage,atthesametime,combiningwiththepreachingfavorablepoliciesofnationalagriculturalmachinerypurchasesubsidy,soastoarousetheenthusiasmofthefarmerstobuyagriculturalmachineryandtheenthusiasmoftheapplicationofconservationtillagetechnology.Makefulluseofthetechnologyoftypicalexperimentofactivereportingtothesuperiorleadershippropaganda,forpolicyandfundingsupport;
Activelypromotingthevillagecadres,drivethevillageorganizationofvillagecadrestocarryoutthepromotion;
Trainingtotheusersofagriculturalmachinery,giveplaytotheroleofmainNongJiHu,usetheirinfluenceandappealinthewholesocietytocreateagoodpublicopinionatmosphere.
2.5完善农机服务体系建设
2.5improvetheservicesystemconstructionofagriculturalmachinery
完善的农机服务体系是推进机械化保护性耕作的物质技术基础和重要的支撑力量。
应争取在短时间内形成以农机重点工程建设、常规农田作业、农机维修、农机科技推广、教育培训、信息中介、组织服务等为主要内容,以县级农机机构为龙头,以乡镇农机服务站为辅助,以农机大户和农机专业合作社为主体,分工明确、功能完善的农机化社会服务体系。
Perfectservicesystemofagriculturalmachineryisanmatterofmechanizationconservationtillagetechnologybaseandtheimportantsupportstrength.Shouldstrivetoformaccordingtotheconstructionofagriculturalmachineryofkeyprojectsinashorttime,regularfarmlandoperationmaintenance,agriculturalmachinery,agriculturalmachinerytechnologypromotion,educationandtraining,organization,informationintermediaryservicesasthemaincontent,toacountyagriculturalmachineryinstitute,assistedbyvillagesandtownsagriculturalmachineryservicestationfor,withlargeagriculturalmachineryandagriculturalmachineryprofessionalcooperativesasthemainbody,acleardivisionofresponsibilities,functions,perfectthesocialservicesystem.
2.6争取资金投入,发挥最大效益
2.6formoney,bestbenefit
在资金投入方面,要建立健全稳定的投入保障机制。
坚持国家、集体、农民个人共同努力,多渠道、多层次、多方位筹措资金,形成国家引导、地方配套、集体扶持的多位一体的投入机制。
在资金使用上,要建立专户,严格做到专款专用,使有限的资金发挥出最大的效益。
Intermsofmoney,toestablishandimprovethestabilityofsafeguardmechanism.Adheretothejointeffortsofthestate,thecollectiveandindividualfarmerstoraisefundsformulti-channel,multi-level,multi-dimensional,formanationalguide,supportinglocalcollectivesupportmorethanoneinputmechanism.Oncapitaluse,wanttosetupspecialaccount,strictlytodospecialfundisspecial,makethelimitedfundstoplayoutthebiggestbenefit.
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