Formal and Informal EnglishWord下载.docx
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Formal and Informal EnglishWord下载.docx
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Class2Grade4
StudentNO.:
310714010229
Abstract
Thispaperwillfirstlyintroducetheformalandinformallanguageaboutitsimportanceandsignificance.Withthenecessitytoresearchontheformalandinformallanguage,wewilltalkaboutwhatformalityandinformalityorlanguagearebydiscussingthedefinitions,degreesanddifferencesbetweentheminchapter2.Sincethepurposeoftheresearchistomakemoreappropriateexpression,wegivemoreemphasisonthepraticalusageofit.Differentsituationsneeddifferentdegreesofformality.Generallyspeakingitiseasiertousetheinformallanguagethanformallanguage.Therefore,inthelastpartofchapter2,wewillfocusonhowtoavoidinformalexpressionsinlanguagecommunications.
KeyWords:
formal;
informal;
appropriateexpressions
Chapter1Introduction
1.1TheSignificanceofResearchingontheDifferencesofFormalvsInformalIanguage.
Itisveryimportanttouselanguageproperlyaccordingtodifferentoccasions.ThisisalsotrueinEnglish.Peopletendtospeakoflanguageasbeingcorrectorincorrect,butitwouldbemoreaccuratetorefertoparticularlanguagestructuresasbeingappropriateorinappropriateforaspecificcontext.Generallyspeaking,asatoolofcommunicationEnglishisdividedtoandusedintwodifferentcontextofsituations:
commonorcasualsituationandofficialorformalsituation.SoitformsdifferentvarietiesofEnglish.
Languagevarietycanbedefinedasthis(XueHR,2003):
alanguagevarietyisasub-setofformaland/orsubstantialfeatureswhichcorrelateregularlywithaparticulartypeofsituationalcontext.First,formalfeaturesmeanthatalanguageeventhasinternalmeaningpatternsinsound,vocabularyandgrammar.Second,substantialfeaturesmeanthatalanguageistransmittedbymeansofeitheraudiblesoundwaves(spoken)orvisiblemarksonasurface(written).Finally,Thereisastrongrelationshipbetweenthelanguageweuseinparticularsituationandcertainfeaturesofthatsituation.
ThemainEnglishvarietiesareformalandinformalEnglish.
Chapter2TheIntroductionandSituationalUsageofFormalvsInformalLanguage
2.1TheIntroductionofFormalvsInformalLanguage
2.11thedefinitionofFormallanguagevsinformallanguage
A.formallanguage
Aformallanguageisasetofwords,i.e.finitestringsofletters,symbols,ortokens.Thesetfromwhichtheselettersaretakeniscalledthealphabetoverwhichthelanguageisdefined.Aformallanguageisoftendefinedbymeansofaformalgrammar(alsocalleditsformationrules);
accordingly,wordsthatbelongtoaformallanguagearesometimescalledwell-formedwords(orwell-formedformulas).Formallanguagesarestudiedincomputerscienceandlinguistics;
thefieldofformallanguagetheorystudiesthepurelysyntacticalaspectsofsuchlanguages(thatis,theirinternalstructuralpatterns).
Formallanguagesareoftenusedasthebasisforricherconstructsendowedwithsemantics.Incomputersciencetheyareused,amongotherthings,fortheprecisedefinitionofdataformatsandthesyntaxofprogramminglanguages.Formallanguagesplayacrucialroleinthedevelopmentofcompilers,typicallyproducedbymeansofacompilercompiler,whichmaybeasingleprogramormaybeseparatedintoolslikelexicalanalyzergenerators(e.g.lex),andparsergenerators(e.g.yacc).Sinceformallanguagesalonedonothavesemantics,otherformalconstructsareneededfortheformalspecificationofprogramsemantics.Formallanguagesarealsousedinlogicandinfoundationsofmathematicstorepresentthesyntaxofformaltheories.Logicalsystemscanbeseenasaformallanguagewithadditionalconstructs,likeproofcalculi,whichdefineaconsequencerelation.[1]"
Tarski'
sdefinitionoftruth"
intermsofaT-schemaforfirst-orderlogicisanexampleoffullyinterpretedformallanguage;
allitssentenceshavemeaningsthatmakethemeithertrueorfalse.
B.informallanguage
Informallanguagearisesoutofallthosechannelsthatfalloutsidetheformalchannelsanditisalsoknownasgrapevine.Itisestablishedaroundthesocietalaffiliationofmembersoftheorganization.Informallanguagedoesnotfollowauthoritylinesasinthecaseofformallanguage.
Informallanguagetakesplaceduetotheindividualneedsofthemembersofanorganizationandsubsistsineveryorganization.Normally,suchlanguageisoralandmaybeexpressedevenbysimpleglance,signorsilence.Informallanguage,isimplicit,spontaneousmultidimensionalanddiverse.Itoftenlyworksingroupofpeople,i.e.whenonepersonhassomeinformationofinterest;
hepassesitontohisinformalgroupandsoon.
2.12Thedegreesofformalityorinformality
Generallyinofficialorserioussituations,theformalEnglishshouldbeused,whileincasualorrelaxedsituationsonecanuseinformalEnglish.
Thedegreesofformalityorinformalityaredeterminedbytherolerelationship,thenumberoflistenersandthecontextofsituationwhichmeanswhetheritisapublicspeech,aclassroomlecture,achurchservice,adinnerpartyoracasualchat.FormalEnglishisprimarilyusedinofficialdocuments,legalpapers,regulations,technicalliterature,thesispapers,businessletters,ceremonialpublicspeeches,etc.InformalEnglishisfoundtypicallyinprivateconversationsorinpersonalletters.Nowadaysitisalsousedinadvertisements,popularnewspapersandmagazinesbecauseofitssimplicity(XueHR,2003).
Infact,oneshouldkeepinmindthattheformality-informalityscaleisacontinuumfromthemostformaltothemostinformal,withaninfinitenumberofstepsinbetween.MartinJoosin“APracticalGuidetotheTeachingofEnglish”(Rivers,etal.,1978)proposesthefollowingscaledivisions,whichiscalledFIVESTYLESorFIVECLOCKS.
Intimate:
usedbetweenfamilymembersandveryclosefriendswhosharedthemajorityoftheirlifeexperience,sothereisnoneedtosupplyanybackgroundinformation.
Casual:
usedbetweenfriends,acquaintancesandinsiders,markedbyellipsisandcolloquialism.
Consultative:
anormforcomingtotermswithstrangers,markedbyitssyntacticcompletenessandfeaturesofpoliteness.
Formal:
usedonformaloccasions,markedbyitsformalwordingandsyntacticcomplexity.
Frozen:
onlyfitforprint,fordeclamationandforpeoplewhoaretoremainsocialstrangers,markedbyitsuseofextremelybigwordsandsolemnexpressions,byitsextremelycomplexsyntaxandbyitstotalavoidanceofpersonalflavor.Thetypicalofitisthelanguageoflaw.
Respectiveexamplesaregivenasfollows(XueHR,2003):
Out!
Runalong,now.
Wouldyoumindleavingtheroomamoment,please?
Theaudienceisrequestedtokindlyleavetheroomforafewmoments.
Themanagementrespectfullyrequeststheconfereestovacatetheauditoriumbetweensessionsinordertofacilitatetheoperationofthecustodialstaff.
Nevertheless,itiseasiertodividethesescalesthantocategorizeaccuratelythosethatgobetweenthetwoextremes,meanwhilethelatterisnotalwaysnecessary.Whathavetobemindedarethetwobasiclanguagevarieties:
formalandinformalEnglish.
2.13differencesbetweenformalandinformalEnglish
WhatdifferencesoneartharetherebetweenformalandinformalEnglish?
Theydifferfromaspectsasfollows(QinXB,2002).
First,formalandinformalEnglisharedistinguishedbyusingdifferentwords.Incasualoccasions,peopletendtousecasualwords,evenslangvocabulary.Informalsituations,peoplearesupposedtousebigwords,usuallythoseofLatinoriginorFrenchorigin.Forexample,toexpresssamemeaning,informalEnglishcanbelikethat“thepolicearelookingintothecaseofmurder”,whileinformalEnglishtheword“investigate”willbeusedinsteadoftheoralphrase“lookinto”forexpressingthesameidea.Justassimilarasthisexample,severalpairsofwordscanbefoundeasily,suchasend–conclude,leave–depart,blowup–explode,quit–resign,job–position,tired–fatigued,andsoon.Besides,informalEnglishisusuallycharacterizedbyalotofcontractions,whicharehardlyseeninformalEnglish.Themostcommoncontractionsarelikeadforadvertisement,paperfornewspaper,dormfordormitory,labforlaboratory,bikeforbicycle,TVfortelevision,phonefortelephone,can’tforcannot,it’sforitis,andsoon.
Second,formalandinformalEnglishdifferfromgrammarorsentencestructure.Generallyspeaking,formalEnglishfollowsgrammarrulesverystrictlyandsentencestendtobelongerandmorecomplex,butinformalEnglishmaybecasual,especiallyinsomeintimatesituations.Belowareseveraltypicalcases.
(1)Incomparisonsentencesusingsubjectivepronounismoreformalthanobjectiveone.Forinstance,usuallyonesays,“hespeaksEnglishmorefluentlythanme.”Itisokay,butinformalsituationsthepronoun“me”hadbetterbeplacedto“I”.Thesimilarconditiontakesplacewhenapronounisaspredicatenounthatcomesafteralinkingverbandrefersbacktothesubjectofthesentence.FormalEnglishwillbelikethat“itisI,thatishe”ratherthan“it’sme,that’shim”ininformalEnglish.
(2)TheadverbialmodifierinasentencecandifferbetweenthetwoEnglishstyles.Toexpresscompromisingcasethewordssuchas“yet,however,nevertheless,despite”areusuallymoreformalthanthoselike“but,anyway,though,allthesame”.Toexpressmannercaseprepositionalphraseismoreformalthanasingleadverb.Toexpressreasonandresult,“onaccountof,accordingly,thus,hence,consequently”aremoreformalthan“bec
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- Formal and Informal English