ETS官方Issue范文文档格式.docx
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ETS官方Issue范文文档格式.docx
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Technology,broadlydefinedastheuseoftools,hasalonghistory.EversinceErgthecavemanfirstconkedananimalwitharock,peoplehavebeenusingtechnology.Forthousandsofyears,theuseoftoolsallowedpeopletomoveeverclosertogether.Becausefieldscouldbecultivatedandthetechnologytostorefoodexisted,peoplewouldliveincitiesratherthaninsmallnomadictribes.OnlyverylatelyhaveErg'
sdescendantscometoquestionthebenefitsoftechnology.TheIndustrialRevolutionintroducedandspreadtechnologiesthatmechanizedmanytasks.Asaresultofthedrivetowardmoreefficientproductionanddistribution(sotheeverlargercitieswouldbesupported),peoplebegantoactascogsinthetechnologicalmachine.Clothingwasnolongerproducedbygroupsofwomensewingandgossipingtogether,butbydown-troddenautomation'
soperatingmachineryingrimfactories.
Thebenefitsofthenewtechnologyoftoday,computersandtheinternet,areparticularlyambiguous.Theyhavemadeworkevermoreefficientandknittheworldtogetherinawebofinformationandphonelines.SomevisionariesspeakofaworldinwhichErgneednotcheckintohisoffice;
hecanjustdialinfromhome.Hewon'
tneedtogotoabartopickupwomenbecausethereareallthosechatrooms.Hungry?
Ergordershisgroceriesfromanonlinedeliveryservice.Bored?
Downloadanewgame.Andyet...
Manypeople,myselfincluded,arealittlequeasyaboutthatvision.Ergmaybedoingwork,butisitrealwork?
Arehisonlinefriendsrealfriends?
Doesanythingcountinaspiritualwayifit'
sjustdigital?
SincetheIndustrialRevolution,wehavebeenhauntedbytheprospectthatweareturningintoourmachines:
efficient,productive,soulless.Thenewesttechnologies,wefear,aremakingusflatasourscreens,turningusintostreamsofbitsofinterchangeabledata.Wemayknowalotofpeople,butwehavefewrealfriends.Wehavealotofthingstodo,butnoreasontodothem.Inshort,thenewtechnologyemphasizesaspiritualcrisisthathasbeenbuildingforquitesometime.
AsItrytounravelwhichIbelieveabouttherelativemeritsoftechnology,Ithinkitisinstructivetoremembertechnology'
soriginalresult.Abetterplowmeanteasierfarming,morefood,longerlives,andmorefreetimetopursueotherthingssuchasart.Ournewesttechnologydoesnotgiveusmorefreetime;
itconsumesourfreetime.Weareterminallydistractedfromconfrontingourselvesoreachother.Westaysafe,andlonely,inourhomesandofficesratherthantakingtheriskofmeetingrealpeopleortryingnewthings.
WhileIamcertainlynotaLuddite,Idobelieveweneedtolookforabitmorebalancebetweentechnologyandlife.Wehavetotearourselvesawayfromthefataldistractionsandgooutintotheworld.Technologyhasgivenuslonglivesandendlesssuppliesofinformation.Nowweneedtoapplythatinformation,usethetimewe'
renotspendingconkingourdinnerwithaclub,andfindourreasonsforliving.
COMMENTARY
Thisoutstandingresponsedisplayscogentreasoning,insightful,persuasiveanalysis,andsuperiorcontroloflanguage.Theessayimmediatelyidentifiesthecomplexitiesoftheissueandthenplayfullyexploresboththebenefitsandthedrawbacksoftechnologicaldevelopmentsoverthecourseofhumanhistory.Thewritermaintainsthata"
balancebetweentechnologyandlife"
isnecessaryifhumansaregoingtoabatethelonelinessthatispartofmodernexistence.
5
Idisagreewiththeargumentthat"
Argumentscanbemadeforthisthesis,buttheydependlargelyuponwhatIbelievetobeapoordefinitionof"
loneliness"
.
Ifonedefineslonelinessastheabsenceofasmuchphysical,face-to-facecontactwithotherpeople,thenthisargumentisprobablytrue.Theinventionofmoderntelecommunicationsdevicessuchastelephones,faxmachines,andcomputershasdefinitelycutdownontheamountofphysicalcontactwithotherpeople.ThisisespeciallytrueinrecenttimesduetotheextremelyrapidexpansionoftheInternet.E-mailandtele-conferencingaredirectsubstitutesforphysicalcontact,especiallyinthebusinessworld.
However,Ibelievethatlonelinesscanbebettermeasuredbyintellectualcontactwithotherindividuals.Unarguably,moderntechnologymakesthisfasterandeasier,withbettercommunicationwithalargernumberofpeople.SomeemployershavearguedthatproductivityislessenedsincetheyhavehadcomputerslinkedtotheInternet,astheemployeesspendmuchoftheirtime"
chatting"
withfriends,acquaintances,orbusinesscontactsacrossthecountry.Thisisprobablynotagoodthingfortheemployers,butitdemonstratestheincreaseddegreeofcommunicationduetomoderntechnology.
Ofcourse,sometechnologieshaveincreasedlonelinessbyanystandards,suchastheautomobileorothertransportationmechanisms.Theseencouragesubstantiallylongercommutesbetweenhomeandwork.AutomobileshavemadepossiblethepatternofsuburbanizationthathasbeeninplaceintheUnitedStatessinceimmediatelyafterWorldWarTwo.Timespentcommutingisgenerallyunproductiveandspentalone,unlesstheindividualinquestioniscar-poolingorusingmasstransit.Thecontributionofthecommutingculturetolonelinessmayactuallybechangingnowduetonewtechnologythatisbeinginventedandusedbythegeneralpublic.Popularnewdevices,suchasthecellularphone,thelaptopcomputer,andthecombinationthereofmayactuallyconvertcommutingtimetoaperiodofincreasedcommunicationsbetweenpeople,to"
passthetime"
.Thiswillbeespeciallytrueasuseofmasstransitgrows,whichwillprobablyhappen,duetoproblemswithgasshortages,airpollution,andthecreationoffurthermasstransitbyfederalandlocalgovernments.
Themotivationforthedeclarationthatlonelinessisincreasingmaybeduetothefactthatmanypeople,especiallyblue-collarworkers,areunabletoaffordorusethesenewdevices.However,sincetheadventofthepersonalcomputer,thepricepercomputingpowerhascontinuallyloweredrapidly,andthistrendshowsnosignofchanging.Severalcompanies,suchasSunMicrosystemsandOraclehaveannouncedthattheyareattemptingtodevelopterminalswithlittlecomputingpower,butafullcapabilitytoaccesstheInternet.Thesedeviceswillbeinapproximatelythe$500pricerange,whichismuchmorereasonablethanthepriceofthecurrenttopofthelinePC.Inaddition,tocatertoalargermassofthepublic,softwarecompanieshavebeencarefullymakingtheirproductseasiertousebynon-"
computernerds"
.Thistrendisnotlikelytocease.
Inconclusion,althoughearlydevelopmentofmoderntransportationmayhaveincreasedloneliness,Ibelievethatmorerecenttechnologiesareactuallydoingtheopposite,stimulatinginterpersonalcontactandencouragingintellectualexpansion.TheperceptionthattheoppositeistruederivesfromwhatIbelieveispoordefinitionoflonelinessandthedifficultythattheworkingclasshasinacquiringandusingmoderntelecommunicationsdevices.
Thisstrongresponseanalyzesthecomplexitiesoftheissue.Indisagreeingwiththeprompt,thewritermakesadistinctionbetweentwotypesofloneliness--lonelinesscausedby"
theabsenceof?
?
physicalcontact"
andlonelinessbroughtaboutbyalackof"
intellectualcontact"
withothers.Theessayreasonsthatwhile"
theautomobileandothertransportationmechanisms"
originallykeptpassengersphysicallyandintellectuallyisolatedfromoneanother,moderntechnology,suchasthecellulartelephoneandlaptopcomputer,hasmadeintellectualcontact"
fasterandeasier"
andhasbenefitedusersbyallowingthemtocommunicatewith"
alargernumberofpeople."
Theresponseprovidesclearandrelevantexamplesofthewaysinwhichtechnologicaldevelopmentsfacilitateandencourageintellectualcommunication.Thewriterexaminestheimpactofuser-friendlyInternetaccessontheindividual'
sabilitytointeractwithothersevenwhenphysicaldistanceseparatesthecommunicatingparties.
Theorganizationisclear,yettransitionsbetweenparagraphsarenotalwayssmooth.Thebodyoftheessaylacksthefocusthatwouldhelpmoveittoascoreof6.Itisnotalwaysclearhowtheinformationgivenrelatestotheessay'
sinitialposition(e.g.,thediscussionofcurrentpricesforpersonalcomputersinparagraphfive).Theconclusion,whileclearlyrelevant,attemptstoimposeorderonthesomewhatlooselyconnectedparagraphs,yetfailstoaddsubstancetotheanalysis.
Onthewhole,theessaydisplaysclarityandcontrol,butthelanguageissometimesimpreciseandlesstightlycontrolledthanitwouldbeina6essay.Thefollowingsentenceisonesuchexample:
"
Themotivationforthedeclarationthatlonelinessisincreasingmaybeduetothefactthatmanypeople,especiallyblue-collarworkers,areunabletoaffordorusethesenewdevices."
4
Lookingattheabovestatement,Iseealotoftruthtothestatement.Therearemanywaysthatsocietyhasusedtheadvancedtechnologyinordertoisolatethemselves.Itmayormaynotbeaconsciousmove,buttheresultsareallthesame.Theisolationoccursinavarietyofwaysandinalldifferentareas.Bycomputerizingfactories,therearemoreandmorepeopleworkinglonghoursbythemselves,withthereonlycompanionasacomputermonitor.Althoughthecompanymaybe
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