美国文学精华整理Word格式.docx
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美国文学精华整理Word格式.docx
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Fromtheendofthe18thcentury(aftertheWarforIndependence)throughtheoutbreakoftheCivilWar.
Literarycharacteristicsofthisperiod:
(p57)
Americanliteratureinthisperiodwasnotaservantofreligiousandpolitics.Novels,
shortstories,andpoemsreplacedthesermonsandmanifestosasAmerican’sprincipal
literaryforms.Inaword,theliteratureatthisageflourishedanddevelopeditsown
nativefeatures&
gainedliteraryindependenceintherealsense.
Pre-Romanticism
Romanticism:
Fromtheendofthe18thcenturytotheoutbreakofheCivilWar,WashingtonIrving,JamesFenimoreCooper,WilliamCullenBryantaretherepresentatives.Thecharateristicsare:
moralenthusium,faithinvalueofindividualismandintuitiveperceptoryandapresumptionthatthenaturalworldwasasourceofgoodnessandman’ssocieties
(1)WashingtonIrving欧文 (1783--1859)
--fatherofAmericanliturature
thefirstAmericanwriterofimaginativeliteraturetogaininternationalfame.
TheSketchBook《见闻札记》becamethefirstworkbyanAmericanwritertowinfinancialandcriticalsuccessonbothsidesoftheAtlantic。
TwoofthefamousshortstoriesofTheSketchBookare“RipVanWinkle”《瑞普·
凡·
温克尔》and“TheLegendofSleepyHollow”《睡谷的传说》
3>
Style:
Hisstoriescarryastrongromanticnote,withaspecialinterestingothicandsupernaturalelements.Hisstyleishumorousandfamiliar,makinghimanearlyprosestylistinAmericanliterature.
4>
HeshowedaconservativeattitudetowardtheAmericanRevolution
(2).JamesFenimoreCooper库柏 (1789-1851)
Helaunchedtwokindsofpopularstories:
theseaadventuretaleandthefrontiersage.首创了美国航海题材小说和西部小说
Frontierstories:
LeatherstockingTales皮裹腿系列
ItisaseriesoffivenovelsaboutthefrontierofAmericansettlers.
(2)WilliamCullenBryant布莱恩特 (1794-1878)
ToaWaterfowl致水鸟
thefirstAmericanpoetwhowontherecognitionofEurope,
thefirstAmericanromanticpoet
(3)EdgarAllanPoe(1809-1849) 爱伦·
坡
---fatherofdetectivestory
FamousAmericanPoet,short-storywriterandcritic.
象征主义先驱
Works:
.ToHelen
OneofthemostfamousPoe’slyrics,waswritten,asPoerecalls“inmypassionateboyhood,tothefirst,purelyidealloveofmysoul.”Itwasinspiredbythebeautyofthemotherofaschoolmate.
Thegeneraltoneispassionateandregretful.Forthebeautyissoothingbutinaccessible.Poeexpresseshisgreatadmirationandregret.
TalesoftheGrotesqueandArabesque《述异集》
(TheFalloftheHouseofUsher厄舍古屋的倒塌;
Ligeia莉盖亚TheCaskofAmontillado阿芒提拉多的酒桶等)
Post-romanticism(1830-1860)
(1)LedbyEmerson,Hawthorne,andstirredbytranscendentalism,theNewEnglandRenaissancebegan.Americanliteratureflourishedandformeditsowndistinctcharacteristics
前期的浪漫主义是以欧文等人将美国文学提升到欧洲水平为标志.后期的浪漫主义是以由超验主义激励起的”新英格兰文艺复兴”兴起\并最终产生了独立的美国文学作为标志的.
(2)Transcendentalism
{1}AliterarymovementflourishinginNewEnglandfromthe1830stotheCivilwar.ItstressesintuitiveunderstandingofGod,withoutthehelpofthechurchandadvocatedindependenceofthemind.TherepresentativewritersareEmersonandThoreau.
{2}Itbelievedinthetranscendenceofthe“oversoul”超灵,anall-pervadingpowerforgoodnessfromwhichallthingscomeandofwhichallthingsareapart.Andhumanbeingsandthenaturearenoexception.超灵存在于世间一切万物之中,每个物体都具有”内在的神性”,人和自然也不例外
{3}representatives
Emerson:
manisapartofabsolutegood,independent,self-reliance
Thoreau:
divinityinthe“unspottedinnocence”ofnature
AlsoinfluencednumerouswriterssuchasHawthorne,andWhitman,andsoon.
RalphWaldoEmerson
ThefatheroftheAmericanTranscendentalism,whoadvocatedtheindependenceofmind,andself-reliance.
works:
Nature<
论自然>
thebibleofTranscendentalism
TheAmericanScholar<
美国学者>
“ourintellectualDeclarationofIndependence.”
Self-reliance论自立
HenryDavidThoreau(1817-1862)
ThediscipleandstrictfollowerofEmerson/ApracticalTranscendentalist
HespentoneandahalfyearsinsolitudeinWalden,andrecordedhisexperiencesinthemasterpieceWalden<
瓦尔登湖>
---OneoftheAmericanclassicswhichrecordshisexperimentinlivingatWaldenpond,hissympatheticunderstandingofnature(naturecouldenlightenandpurityhumanbeings)
NathanielHawthorne(1804-1864)
FamouswriterwhoadvancedtheartofshortstoryandgavetotheformqualitiesthatareuniquelyAmerican.
TheScarletLetter红字
TheHouseoftheSevenGables有七个尖角阁的房子TheBlithedaleRomance福谷传奇;
TheMarbleFaun玉石雕像MossesfromanOldManse古屋青苔:
Featuresofhisworks
Setting:
PuritanNewEngland;
Themes:
Evil&
sin;
Idea:
“blackvision”towardhumanbeings
Form:
symbolism,ambiguity
TheScarletLetter红字
[1]plot:
AtSalem,asmalltownofNewEnglandinthecolonialtims,HesterPrynne,theheroine,wasfoundouttohavecommittedanadultery.Shewaspunishedbeforethepublicandcondemnedtowearthescarletletter“A”infrontofherbosomthroughoutherlifetime.Thoughbanishedfromthesociety,shemanagedtoearnalivingbyneedlwork,andtriedtohelpothers.MinisterDimmesdale,theadultererdarenotadmitopenlythesinhecommittedbutwasconstantlytorturedbyasenseofguilt.Hishealthdeclinedsosoon.DoctorChillingworth,Hester’shusband,discoveredwhowastheadultererandmadeupacruelplanofrevenge—totorturetheMinistermentallytillhisdeath.Intheend,Hesterregainedherdignityandevenrespectfromthecommunity.Dimmesdalewasmentallytorturedtodeathbyhisownsenseofguiltpluschillingworth’sviciousplanandonlyinthelastminuteofhislifeherevealedhissin.
Chillingworth,althoughfinishhisvengeance,diedwithintheyear.
[2]SetinPuritanBoston,itisacomplexstoryofguilt/sin,itsmoral,emotionalandpsychologicaleffectsuponvariouspersons,andhowdeliveranceisobtainedforsomeofthem.(p199)Afterpunished,Hesterdidherbesttocommunicatewithandhelpherfellowvillagers,latershegainedrecognitionorevenrespectofthesociety.
WhileDimmesdaledarenottoreveal/facehissin,hebanishedhimselffromthesocietyandtorturedhimselftilldeath.Afterpunished,Hesterdidherbesttocommunicatewithandhelpherfellowvillagers,latershegainedrecognitionorevenrespectofthesociety.WhileDimmesdaledarenottoreveal/facehissin,hebanishedhimselffromthesocietyandtorturedhimselftilldeath.
[3]It'
sahighlysymbolicstory.
TheletterAtakesthedifferentsymbolicmeaningthroughoutthenovel,which
reflectsthemoraldevelopmentofHester
Atfirst,Astandsforthesin{adultry}committedbyHester,atokenofshame
ThenAischangedto“able”,causeHesteroffersthegenuinesympathyandhelptoherfellowvillagers
Later,theletterAappearsinthesky,signifying“Angel”
[4]Inthismasterpiece,Hawthorneexplorewaysofredeemingsin:
bravetoconfessandfaceit,correctitthroughlove,devotion,generosityandforgiveness.
Hawthorneintendedtorevealhisideasthatthebestpolicyformanistobetrue,honestandevenreadytoshowone’sworsttotheoutsideworld.Hesterdiditallherlife,Dimmesdalediditfinally.
TheScarletLetter,(adultery)
1.Aboutthestory:
(1)ThestoryofHesterPrynneSet:
the17thcentury
(2)WhatissituatedimmediatelyoutsidethedooroftheprisoninwhichHesteriskept:
Arosebush
(3)HowdoesHestersupportherselffinancially:
asaseamstress
(4)Shealwayswears:
black
(5)“A”represents:
adultery
2.Majorcharactersinthestory:
(1)HesterPrynne:
wears“A”;
“A”definesheridentity
(2)ArthurDimmesdale:
wears“A”inhisheart;
hissoulneverinpeace(invisiblewearer)
(3)RogerChillingworth:
themakerofscarletletter
(4)Pearl:
theproduct/resultof“A”
3.Symbolism:
(specialmovementinliterature;
theuseofsymbols)
In“TheScarletLetter”:
(1)Therosebush:
passion
(2)Theforest:
anungovernableplace
(3)Thescarletletter:
adultery;
sin
wildness;
(5)Themeteor:
community
4.Refusetotakeoff“A”:
(1)ForHester,toremovescarletletterwouldbetoacknowledgethepowerithasindeterminingwhosheis
(2)Sheisdeterminedtotransformitsmeaningandheridentity
(3)Shewantstobetheonewhocontrolsitsmeaning
(4)Shestandsasaself-appointedreminderoftheevilssocietycancommit
HermanMelville赫尔曼·
梅尔维尔(1819-1891)
MobyDick/TheWhiteWhale莫比·
迪克/白鲸;
Typee泰比;
Omoo奥穆;
Mardi玛地;
Redburn雷得本;
WhiteJacket白外衣;
Pierre皮尔埃;
Piazza广场故事;
BillyBudd比利·
巴德
masterpiece:
MobyDick(1851)白鲸(重点)
(1)Thisnovelisregardedasagreatepicromance,andahighlyphilosophicalallegoricalnovel.Itisthe19thcenturyofAmericanencyclopedia(百科全书)
(2)Plot:
Ishmael,thenarratorofthebook,feltboredbylandlifeanddecided
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