词汇学答案14章Word文档下载推荐.docx
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词汇学答案14章Word文档下载推荐.docx
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f.fightg.policeh.drunki.womanj.girl
8.haply=perhapsalbeit=although
methinks=itseemstomeeke=also
smooth=truthmorn=morning
troth=pledgeere=before
quoth=saidhallowed=holy
billow=wave/theseabade=bid
9.Neologismsrefertonewly-coinedwordsoroldwordswithnewmeanings.Forexample,euro(欧元),e-book(电子书),SARS(非典),netizen(网民),arenewly-coinedwords.Wordslikemouse(鼠标),web(网络),spaceshuttle(航天飞机)etc.areoldwordswhichhaveacquirednewmeanings.
10.Bynotion,wordsfallintocontentwordsandfunctionalwords.Contentwordsincludenouns,verbs,adjectives,adverdsandnumerals,whichhaveclearnotions;
whereasfunctionalwordsarevoidofnotionsbutaremainlyusedtoconnectcontentwordsintosentences.Contentwordsarenumerousandchangingallthetime,whilefunctionalwordsaresmallinnumberandstable.Butfunctionalwordshavemuchhigherfrequencyinusethancontentwords.
11.NativewordsformasmallportionoftheEnglishvocabulary,buttheymakeupthemainstreamofthebasicword-stockwhichbelongstothecommoncoreoftheEnglishlanguage.Comparedwithmostloan-words,nativewordsaremostlyessentialtonativespeakers’dailycommunicationandenjoyamuchhigherfrequencyinactualuse.
12.DenizensAliensTranslationloansSemanticloans
kettleconfrerechopsticksdream
diepropatriablackhumour
skirtparvenulongtimenosee
wallWunderkindtyphoon
husbandMikado
第二章
1.TheIndo-EuropeLanguageFamilyisoneofthemostimportantlanguagefamiliesintheworld.ItismadeupofthelanguagesofEurope,theNearEastandIndia.EnglishbelongstothisfamilyandtheothermembersoftheIndo-EuropeanLanguageFamilyhavedifferentdegreesofinfluenceonEnglishvocabulary.AknowledgeoftheIndo-EuropeanLanguageFamilywillhelpusunderstandEnglishwordsbetterandusethemmoreappropriately.
LanguageFamily
Balto-Slavic(Lithuanian,Prussian,Polish,Slavenian,Russian,Bulgarian)
Indo-Iranian(Hindi,Perian)
Celtic(Breton,Scottish,Irish)
Italic(Spanish,French,Italian,Portuguese,Roumanian)
Hellenic(Greek)
Germanic(English,Swedish,German,Norweigian,Icelangic,Danish,Dutch)
vocabulariesofthethreeperiodsdiffergreatlyfromoneanther.Old
Englishhas
(1)asmallvocabulary(50000—60000),
(2)asmallnumberofborrowingsfromLatinandScandinavianonlyand(3)thewordsfullofendings.MiddleEnglishhas
(1)acomparativelylargevocabulary,
(2)atremendousnumberofforeignwordsfromFrenchandLatinand(3)wordendingsleveled.ModernEnglishhas
(1)ahugeandheterogeneousvocabulary,
(2)tremendousborrowingsand(3)wordswithlostendings.
Yes,wecandividethedevelopmentsinotherways,forexample,OldEnglishperiodcanbecalledAnglo-Saxonperiod.AndMiddleEnglishmightstartfrom1066,thetimeofNormanConquest.Butindoingso,thelogicalcontinuationoftheethreephasesoftheoriginaldivisionislost.
4.ItisreceptivityandadaptabilityoftheEnglishlanguagethatmakeitpossibleforEnglishtoborrowheavilyfromothermajorlanguagesoftheworld,sothattheEnglishvocabularyeventuallyhasbecomeheterogeneous.
5.ThepopularityofEnglishliesinthefactthatEnglishisreadytoborrowfromotherlanguagesandtoadaptitselftonewsituationsandnewdevelopments,thatithasacceptedelementsfromallothermajorlanguagesandthatithassimplereflectionandarelativelyfixedwordorder.Allthesemakethelanguagecomparativelyeasytolearnandtouse.
6.coursehumaneventsnecessarypeopledissolvepoliticalconnectedassumepowersseparateequalstationnatureentitledecentrespectopinionsrequiresdeclarecausesimpelseparation
Fromthewordspickedout,wecanseethatmostofthecontentwordsareeitherofGreekorLatinorigin.Whatweleftaremostlyfunctionalwords.ThisshowsthatGreekandLatinplayaveryimportantpartintheEnglishvocabulary.
7.Latinborrowingcanbedividedintofourphase:
(1)Pre-Anglo-Saxonperiod,
(2)OldEnglishperiod,(3)middleEnglishperiodand(4)ModernEnglishperiod.Borrowingsinthefirstperiodaremainlycommonwordssuchaswall,wine,kettleandsoon;
wordsborrowedinthesecondperiodaremainlyreligioustermssuchascandle,nun,church;
thethirdperiodsawwordborrowedoftenviaFrenchsuchasfrustrate,history,infancyandsoonandintheforthperiodWordsborrowedfromLatinareusuallyabstractformaltermslikestatus,nucleus,minimum.
8.eventful[Latin+English]hydroplane[Greek+Latin]
Falsehood[Latin+English]pacifist[Latin+Greek]
Saxophone[German+Greek]heirloom[French+English]
Josshouse[Portuguese+English]television[Greek+Latin]
9.amateur(late)finace(late)
Empire(late)peace(early)
Courage(early)garage(late)
Judgement(early)chair(early)
Chaise(late)grace(early)
Servant(early)routine(late)
Jealous(early)savate(late)
Genre(late)gender(early)
Debut(late)morale(late)
State(early)chez(late)
Ballet(late)
10.Jespersen’scommentrevealstheimportanceofScandinavianwordsinEnglish.Justaspeoplecannotlivewithoutbreadandeggs,soEnglishlanguagecannotoperateproperlywithoutScandinavianwords.
11.allegrof.轻快
Altoi.女低音
Andantej行板
Crescendob.渐强
Diminuendog.渐弱
Fortee.强
Largod.缓慢
Pianoh.轻
Pianofortea.轻转慢
Sopranoc.女高音
12.cherub(Hebrew)chipmunk(AmericanIndian)
Chocolate(Mexican)coolie(Hindi)
Cotton(Arabic)jubilee(Greek)
Lasso(Spanish)loot(Hindi)
Sabbath(Hebrew)shampoo(Hindi)
Snorkel(German)tamale(Mexican)
Tepee(American)tulip(Turkish)
Voodoo(African)kibitz(German)
Wok(Chinese)sauerbraten(German)
13.
d..bonanza
14.thecharacteristicsofthecontemporaryvocabularycanbesummarizedasfollows:
(1)thevocabularyishugeinsizeandheterogeneous;
(2)ithastremendousborrowingsfromallothermajorlanguagesoftheworld;
(3)thewordshavelosttheirendings;
(4)itisgrowingswiftlybymeansofword-formationbecauseofthedevelopmentofscienceandtechnology,social,economicandpoliticalchangesandinfluenceofotherculturesandlanguages.
15.themajormodesofvocabularydevelopmentofcontemporaryarecreation,thatisbymeansofword-formation;
semanticchange,addingnewmeaningstooldwords;
borrowingwordsfromotherlanguageandrevivalofold-fashionedwords,whichhasainsignificantrole.
第三章
morphememorpheme
affix
affix
2.inflectionalmorphemesarethesuffixesaddedtotheendofwordstodenotegrammaticalconceptssuchas–s(-es),-ed,-ingand–est(toshowsuperlativedegreeofadjectivesandadverbs)whereasderivationalmorphemesareprefixesandsuffixesaddedtowordstoformnewwordssuchaspre-,dis-,un-,-tion,-er,-nessandsoon.
Grammaticalmorphemesarethoseusedtoshowgrammaticalconcepts,includinginflectionalsuffixesasmentionedaboveandfunctionalwords(prepositions,pronouns,articles,auxiliaryverbs),forexample,but,the,doandWas;
lexicalmorphemesarederivationalaffixesincludingbothprefixesandsuffixes
3.Individualistic
individualist+ic[stem,base]
individual+ist[stem,base]
individu+al[stem,base]
in+dividu[root,stem,base]
undesirables
un+desirable[stem,base]
desir+able[root,stem,base]
freemorpheme=freeroot
4.morpheme{
Boundroot
boundmorpheme{inflectionalaffix
affix{prefix
derivationalaffix{
suffix
第四章
EnumeratethethreeimportantmeansofwordformationandexplaintheirrespectiveroleintheexpansionofEnglishvocabulary.
Thethreemeansofwordformationareaffixation,whichcreates30%to40%ofthetotalnumberofnewwords
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- 词汇学 答案 14