The Truth about the Environment练习刘自知Word文档下载推荐.docx
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The Truth about the Environment练习刘自知Word文档下载推荐.docx
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X
I
托福
提交日期
2
1
年
7
月
日
雅思
GRE/GMAT
题
型
01Y/N/NG
√
选
材
作者
题目
来源
“TheTruthabouttheEnvironment”
02选择题
03分类题
04句子插入
05配对题
篇
幅
1003words
06图表题
07简答题
题材
关键词
自然环境
globalwarming,greenhousegases,ElNino,carbondioxideemissions,environmentalgroups
I.SurveyingtheText:
1.Lookatthetitleandquicklygooverthebeginningthreeparagraphsanddecidewhatthetopic/issueofthispassageis.
Topic/Issue:
thereality/truthabouttheenvironment(Aretheenvironmentalstandardsdeclining?
)
2.Readthefirstsentenceofeachparagraph.Whatistheauthor’sgeneralpoint?
Isthisgeneralpointexplicitlystated(thesisstatement)orimplied?
Theauthorbelievesthatmanypeoplehavemisconceptionsabouttherealityoftheenvironment.
Thismainargumentisrevealedinparagraph3.
3.Theauthor’spurposeis_____.
a.Toinformthereadersofthedeteriorationoftheenvironment.
b.Tourgethereaderstotakeactionsagainstthefallingenvironmentalstandards.
c.Tocompareandcontrasttheperceptionandtherealityoftheenvironment.
d.Toofferhisopinionbydiscussingthecausesofthemisconceptionthattheenvironmentisgettingworse.
e.Toproposesolutionstotheenvironmentalproblems.
4.Howmanycausesofthedistortionofperceptionabouttheenvironmentarediscussed?
4
5.Whatparticularenvironmentalissuehasbeenraisedanddiscussedatlength?
Theauthorconcedesthatglobalwarmingmightbeanindicationofdecliningenvironmentstandards(Para.2)buthequestionstheseverityoftheproblemandchallengestheresponsestothisproblem(Para.9-11).
TheTruthabouttheEnvironment
1Formanyenvironmentalists,theworldseemstobegettingworse.Theyhavedevelopedahit-listofourmainfears:
Thatnaturalresourcesarerunningout;
thatthepopulationisevergrowing,leavinglessandlesstoeat;
thatspeciesarebecomingextinctinvastnumbers,andthattheplanet’sairandwaterarebecomingevermorepolluted.
2Butaquicklookatthefactsshowsadifferentpicture.First,energyandothernaturalresourceshavebecomemoreabundant,notlessso,sincethebook‘TheLimitstoGrowth’waspublishedin1972byagroupofscientists.Second,morefoodisnowproducedperheadoftheworld’spopulationthanatanytimeinhistory.Fewerpeoplearestarving.Third,althoughspeciesareindeedbecomingextinct,onlyabout0.7%ofthemareexpectedtodisappearinthenext50years,not25-50%,ashassooftenbeenpredicted.Andfinally,mostformsofenvironmentalpollutioneitherappeartohavebeenexaggerated,oraretransient---associatedwiththeearlyphasesofindustrializationandthereforebestcurednotbyrestrictingeconomicgrowth,butbyacceleratingit.Oneformofpollution-thereleaseofgreenhousegasesthatcausesglobalwarming---doesappeartobeaphenomenonthatisgoingtoextendwellintoourfuture,butitstotalimpactisunlikelytoposeadevastatingproblem.Abiggerproblemmaywellturnouttobeaninappropriateresponsetoit.
3Yetopinionpollssuggestthatmanypeoplenurturethebeliefthatenvironmentalstandardsaredecliningandfourfactorsseemstocausethisdisjunctionbetweenperceptionandreality.
4Oneislopsidednessbuiltintoscientificresearch.Scientificfundinggoesmainlytoareaswithmanyproblems.Thatmaybewisepolicy,butitwillalsocreateanimpressionthatmanymorepotentialproblemsexistthanisthecase.
5Secondly,environmentalgroupsneedtobenoticedbythemassmedia.Theyalsoneedtokeepthemoneyrollingin.Understandably,perhaps,theysometimesoverstatetheirarguments.In1997,forexample,theWorldWideFundforNatureissuedapressreleaseentitled:
‘Twothirdsoftheworld’sforestslostforever’.Thetruthturnsouttobenearer20%.
6Thoughthesegroupsarerunoverwhelminglybyselflessfolk,theyneverthelesssharemanyofthecharacteristicsofotherlobbygroups.Thatwouldmatterlessifpeopleappliedthesamedegreeofskepticismtoenvironmentallobbyingastheydotolobbygroupsinotherfields.Atradeorganizationarguingfor,say,weakerpollutioncontrolsisinstantlyseenasself-interested.Yetagreenorganizationopposingsuchaweakeningisseenasaltruistic,evenifanimpartialviewofthecontrolsinquestionmightsuggesttheyaredoingmoreharmthangood.
II.TextStructureAnalysis:
1.WhatisthefunctionofPara.1?
PossibleAnswer:
Introductionof“theysay”.Thefirstparagraphsummarizestheenvironmentalists’viewofadeterioratingenvironment.
2.WhatisthefunctionofPara.2?
Togenerate“Isay”fromwhat“theysay”.Theauthorarguesagainsttheenvironmentalistsclaimbasicallybyusingfactsandfigures,counteringeachandeverysub-claimsoftheenvironmentalistsinthefirstparagraph.Atypical“disagree-butexplainwhy”framework.
3.WhatisthefunctionofthefirstsentenceinPara.3?
Revealingthethesis(theunifyingideaoftheentirepassage).Theauthorformallysetsuphisclaims:
Misconceptionisprevalentandtherearefourreasonstoaccountforthat.
6.WhatisthefunctionofPara.9-11?
Entertainingcounterclaimsforobjectivityinoverallargument.Globalwarmingisamajorpointofcontentioninthegeneraldiscussionofenvironmentreality,asrevealedinPara.2.Theauthor’srebuttaltothiscounterclaimisnotsubstantiatedbyevidenceinPara.2,sointhesethreeparagraphsherefutedtheconceptionofglobalwarmingandthecommonresponsestowardsitwithdetailedreasoningandstatistics,arguingmainlyfromtheeconomicperspective.
7.Whatisthefunctionofthelastparagraph?
Possibleanswer:
Ratherthansummarizinghispoints,theauthorbringsthereaderstoacomplexunderstandingoftheissue.Thisisaclimaxofthetext.
7Athirdsourceofconfusionistheattitudeofthemedia.Peopleareclearlymorecuriousaboutbadnewsthangood.Newspapersandbroadcastersaretheretoprovidewhatthepublicwants.That,however,canleadtosignificantdistortionsofperception.AnexamplewasAmerica’sencounterwithElNinoin1997and1998.Thisclimaticphenomenonwasaccusedofwreckingtourism,causingallergies,meltingtheski-slopesandcausing22deaths.However,accordingtoanarticleintheBulletinoftheAmericanMeteorologicalSociety,thedamageitdidwasestimatedatUS$4billionbutthebenefitsamountedtosomeUS$19billion.Thesecamefromhigherwintertemperatures(whichsavedanestimated850lives,reducedheatingcostsanddiminishedspringfloodscausedbymeltwaters).
8Thefourthfactorispoorindividualperception.Peopleworrythattheendlessriseintheamountofstuffeveryonethrowsawaywillcausetheworldtorunoutofplacestodisposeofwaste.Yet,evenifAmerica’strashoutputcontinuestoriseasithasdoneinthepast,andeveniftheAmericanpopulationdoublesby2100,alltherubbishAmericaproducesthroughtheentire21stcenturywillstilltakeuponlyone-12,000thoftheareaoftheentireUntiedStates.
9Sowhatofglobalwarming?
Asweknow,carbondioxideemissionsarecausingtheplanettowarm.Thebestestimatesarethatthetemperatureswillriseby2-3℃inthiscentury,causingconsiderableproblems,atatotalcostofUS$5,000billion.
10Despitetheintuitionthatsomethingdrasticneedstobedoneaboutsuchacostlyproblem,economicanalysesclearlyshowitwillbefarmoreexpensivetocutcarbondioxideemissionsradicallythantopaythecostsofadaptationtotheincreasedtemperatures.AmodelbyoneofthemainauthorsoftheUnitedNationsClimateChangePanelshowshowanexpectedtemperatureincreaseof2.1degreesin2100wouldonlybediminishedtoanincreaseof1.9degrees.Ortoputitanotherway,thetemperatureincreasethattheplanetwouldhaveexperiencedin2094wouldbepostponedto2100.
11Sothisdoesnotpreventglobalwarming,butmerelybuystheworldsixyears.Yetthecostofreducingcarbondioxideemissions,fortheUnitedStatesalone,willbehigherthanthecostofsolvingtheworld’ssingle,mostpressinghealthproblem:
providinguniversalaccesstocleandrinkingwaterandsanitation.Suchmeasureswouldavoid2milliondeathseveryyear,andpreventhalfabillionpeoplefrombecomingseriouslyill.
12Itiscrucialthatwelookatthefactsifwewanttomakethebestpossibledecisionsforthefuture.Itmaybecostlytobeoverlyoptimistic---butmorecostlystilltobetoopessimistic.
III.Evaluatingtheeffectivenessofargument:
e.g.
6Thoughthesegroupsarerunoverwhelminglybyselflessfolk,theyneverthelesssharemanyofthecharacteristicsofotherlobbygroups.Thatwouldmatterlessifpeopleappliedthesamedegreeofskepticismtoenvironmentallobbyingastheydotolobbygroupsinotherfields.Atradeorganizationarguingfor,say,weakerpollutioncontrolsisinstantlyseenasself-interested.Yetagreenorganizationopposingsuchaweakeningisseenasaltruistic,evenifanimpartialviewofthecontrolsinquestionmightsuggesttheyaredoingmoreharmthangood.
SupportingClaims(Reasonstobackupthethesisstatement)
Evidence/Support:
Example
Minorsupportingdetails:
Opinion-environmenta
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- The Truth about Environment练习刘自知 Environment 练习 自知
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