Unit 4从句文档格式.docx
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Unit 4从句文档格式.docx
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表语从句:
Thefactisthathehasnotbeenseenrecently.事实是近来谁也没有见过他。
同位语从句:
Thefactthathehasnotbeenseenrecentlydisturbseveryoneinhisoffice.
近来谁也没有见过他,这一情况令办公室所有的人不安。
1.同位语从句:
(1)在某些抽象名词后面常用连接词that,有时也用whether/who/when/which/what/where等引出同位语从句,具体说明这些名词的内容。
(2)能接同位语从句的常用名词有:
answer,belief,certainty,concept,conclusion,decision,discovery,doubt,evidence,explanation,fact,hope,idea,impression,information,knowledge,law,likelihood,message,news,order,opinion,possibility,principle,probability,problem,promise,proof,question,reply,report,rumor,statement,suggestion,thought,truth,etc,eg:
Thenewsthathehaswonthegameisexciting.
Aftercarefulinvestigationtheycametotheconclusionthattheboywasinnocent.
Thereisnodoubtthatit’sgoingtobedifficult.
ThequestionwhethertherearelivingthingsontheMarswillbediscussed.
(3)在以下一些惯用结构中,也可以用同位语从句:
ontheassumptionthat,onconditionthat,despitethefactthat,onthepretencethat,onthesuppositionthat,ontheunderstandingthat,withtheexceptionthat,etc,eg:
JacklentmethemoneyontheconditionthatIpayitbacknextmonth.
(4)同位语从句有时与先行词隔开,注意识别,eg:
Evidencecameupthatspecificspeechsoundsarerecognizedbybabiesasyoungas6monthsold.
(5)当同位语从句说明advice,suggestion,proposal,demand,request,requirement,order,decision,desire,idea,opinion,plan等名词时,由that引导的同位语从句要用虚拟语气。
Thecommandergaveanorderthatthetroops(should)advancetenmiles.
●同位语从句与定语从句的区别:
同位语从句中的连词that只起连接作用,无具体词义,在从句中也不作任何句子成分,同位语从句是完整的句子;
定语从句中that的词义就是其修饰的名词或代词,并且在从句中充当主语或宾语,定语从句是不完整的句子。
ThenewsthatTomisillistrue.
ThenewsthatTomgaveusistrue.
2.宾语从句:
(1)宾语从句的引导词主要有that,连接代词或副词,如what,which,where,how,why,
连词whether/if等。
关系代词what也可引导宾语从句,eg:
IwanttotellyouwhatI’vejustheard.
(2)whatever,whichever,whoever引导的宾语从句,eg:
I’lldowhateveryouwant(meto).
(3)在in,but,except,save少数几个介词后可接that引导的宾语从句,且已成固定搭配,eg:
Thisarticleiswellwrittenexceptthattherearesomemisspelling.
Itisanattractiveinvestmentinthatitistax-free.
这个投资的诱人之处在于它是免税的。
Ofhisearlieryearslittleisknown,savethathestudiedmusic.
人们对于他的早年生活一无所知,只知道他学过音乐。
(4)动词believe,expect,fancy,imagine,suppose,think后的宾语从句如为否定式,一般将否定词转移到主句谓语上,eg:
Idon’tthinkhe’stellingthetruth.
3.主语从句
主语从句通常放在句首,但有时为了保持句子平衡,可用it作形式主语,采用Itis+名词/形容词/分词+主语从句的结构,eg:
Thathewon5milliondollarsturnedouttobeajoke.
Itturnedouttobeajokethathewon5milliondollars.
Itisquiteclearthatthewholeprojectisdoomedtofailure.
It'
sapitythatyoushouldhavetoleave.你非走不可真是件憾事。
4.whether与if在引导名词性从句时的区别
(1)主语从句只能用whether引导;
Whetherwe’llhavethepicnictomorrowwilldependontheweather.
(2)whether一般多用于宾语从句的肯定式,而if引导的从句可以有否定式;
(3)whetherornot可以连在一起用(ornot只能放在句末),而ifornot则不能;
(4)whether可以引导介词宾语从句,if则不能;
I’minadilemmaastowhetherIshouldhelphim.
Iamnotinterestedinwhethershewillcome.
(5)宾语从句提至谓语前面时,只能用whether引导;
Eg:
Whetherhewentthere,Idon’tknow.
(6)在question,ask后面一般只用whether,question的同位语从句也用whether引导;
(7)后接不定式时,只能用whether。
5.动词doubt用于肯定句式表示怀疑时,其后的宾语从句用whether/if引导,意为“是否…”用于否定句或疑问句时,其后的宾语从句用that引导,eg:
Idoubtwhetherhecanpasstheexam.
Idon’tdoubtthathecanpasstheexam.
练习:
1.Thepolicemancameuptosee____.
A.whatthematterisB.whatthematterwas
C.whatwasthematterD.whatisthematter
2.Itwasnotuntiltheheadmastercame____.
A.andsothestudentsgotdowntowork
B.didthestudentsgetdowntowork
C.thatthestudentsgotdowntowork
D.thenthestudentsgotdowntowork
3.Iwonder____thiskindofmetalcanbeusedintheconstructionindustry.
A.howB.what
C.aboutD.which
4.____Iwantedtosay.
A.SuchwaswhatB.Whatwassuch
C.SuchwasthatD.Thatwassuch
5.Nowordcame____hejoinedtheminplayingfootball.
A.thatB.whether
C.whichD.what
6.Wordcame____shediedofoldage.
A.thatB.which
C.inwhichD.how
7.Thisis____thequestionlies.
A.whatB.that
C.whereD.how
8.Hestoodtherequitestill,____hislipsmovedslightly.
A.exceptforB.except
C.exceptthatD.exceptwhat
9.____isunknowntousall.
A.WhendidshearriveB.Whenshearrived
C.ThatwhenshearrivedD.Inwhichshearrived
10.Idoubt____hewillcometoseeme.
A.whetherB.that
11.____Iwastruethatevening.
A.IthappenedtoB.Ithappenedthat
C.ThathappenedD.Itishappenedthat
12.Ihavenodoubt____weshallbeabletodosomethingforyou.
A.whetherB.if
C.thatD.what
13.IwishI____someuse.
A.couldbeofB.couldbe
C.willbeofD.willbe
14.____youhavewrittentheletterinEnglishwillsurpriseyourteacher.
A.WhatB.That
C.WhoD.Howlong
15.Heworkstoohard.Thatis____iswrongwithhim.
A.thatwhichB.thewhat
C.whatD.thethingwhat
16.Wemustdo____theparty____us.
A.as;
tellB.as;
tells
C.what;
tellD.what;
17.Itwas____heworkedhardthathesucceeded.
A.becauseB.for
C.asD.since
18.____stillneedstobediscussed.
A.HowistheplantobecarriedoutB.Howtheplanistobecarriedout
C.WhyistheplancarriedoutD.Whytheplancarriedout
19.Lanzhouisnolonger____.
A.whatitusedtobeB.whatitusedtolike
C.likeitusedtobeD.whatitusedto
key:
1-5:
CCAAB
6-10:
ACCBA
11-15:
BCABC
16-19:
BABA
二、关系从句(定语从句)
定语从句在句中做定语,修饰一个名词或代词,被修饰的名词词组或代词即先行词。
定语从句通常出现在先行词之后,由关系词(关系代词或关系副词)引出。
关系代词有:
who,whom,whose,that,which等。
关系副词有:
when,where,why等。
关系副词when,where,why的含义相当于"
介词+which"
结构,因此常常和"
结构交替使用。
例如:
Thereareoccasionswhen(onwhich)onemustyield. 任何人都有不得不屈服的时候。
Beijingistheplacewhere(inwhich)Iwasborn. 北京是我的出生地。
Isthisthereasonwhy(forwhich)herefusedouroffer?
这就是他拒绝我们帮助他的理由吗?
1.限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句的区别:
(1)非限定性定语从句中,引导词和先行词之间需用逗号隔开;
(2)限定性定语从句是句子不可或缺的部分,去掉会造成句意不清;
而非限定性定语从句只起补充说明的作用,其有无对句意影响不大,eg:
Herefusedtorevealthemanwhohadbeatenhimblackandblue.
InolongerliveinBeijing,whereairpollutiondidgreatharmtomyhealth.
Thisisthehousewhichweboughtlastmonth.这是我们上个月买的那幢房子。
Thehouse,whichweboughtlastmonth,isverynice.
(3)非限定性定语从句一般不能用that引导,而要根据情况用who/whom/whose/which引导。
(4)Which引导的非限定性定语从句可以修饰整个主句或主句的一部分,eg:
Theycompletedtheprojectaheadofschedule,whichissomethingwehadnotexpected.
HeseemsnottohavegraspedwhatImeant,whichgreatlyupsetsme.
他似乎没抓住我的意思,这使我心烦。
Liquidwaterchangestovapor,whichiscalledevaporation.
液态水变为蒸汽,这就叫做蒸发。
(5)当先行词是专有名词或物主代词和指示代词所修饰时,其后的定语从句通常是非限制性的。
CharlesSmith,whowasmyformerteacher,retiredlastyear.
Myhouse,whichIboughtlastyear,hasgotalovelygarden.
Thisnovel,whichIhavereadthreetimes,isverytouching.
2.which/who/whom与that:
(1)在定语从句中作宾语时可省略,eg:
Itistheonlything(that)wecandoforyou.
(2)先行词是不定代词时(all,much,few,little,some,any,none,nothing,something,nothing,everything,anything),只能用that引导,eg:
That’sall(that)Icandoatthemoment.
(3)先行词是anyone,anybody,everyone,everybody,someone,somebody时,关系代词多用who/whom,不用that,eg:
IsthereanyoneherewhocanspeakEnglish?
(4)先行词被形容词最高级及first,last,only,very,no等词修饰时,关系代词一般用that,不用which/who/whom,eg:
HeistheonlypersonthatIdislikeinourclass.
Thisistheverypenthatyouarelookingfor.
(5)有两个或两个以上先行词兼指人和物时,关系代词用that,eg:
Avictimisaperson,animalorthingthatsufferspain,death,harm,etc.
3.as
(1)as同such,thesame,as(so)连用,引导限定性定语从句,eg:
Suchpeopleaswishtoleavemaydosonow.那些想离开的人现在可以走了。
Heisasbraveamanaseverlived.他是世界上最勇敢的人。
Don’treadsuchbooksasarenotworthreading.不要读那些不值得读的书。
Themethodusedintheinspectionshallbethesameasstipulatedinthecontract.
检验所用方法须与合同规定一致。
I’vegotintothesametroubleashe(has).我碰到了跟他一样的麻烦。
(2)as和which都可以引导非限定性定语从句,但as在句中的位置比较灵活,可出现
在句首、句中、句末,而which只能出现在句末,尤其是当先行词是整个句子时,eg:
Asistrueinallinstitutions,juriesarecapableofmakingmistakes.
Asisgenerallyaccepted,economicgrowthisdeterminedbythesmoothdevelopmentofproduction.
Thetelephone,asweallknow,wastheinventionofBell.
MoreAmericantroopsarebeingsenttotheMiddleEast,asIhavelearnedfromthenewspaper.
常见的这类结构有:
ashasbeensaidbefore,ashasbeenmentionedabove,ascanbeimagined,asisknowntoall,ashasbeenannounced,ascanbeseenfromthesefigures,asmight/couldbeexpected,asisoftenthecase,ashasbeenpointedout,asoftenhappens,aswillbeshown等。
4.whose
whose与名词搭配使用时,可以引导定语从句,在句中作主语或宾语;
whose既可指人也可指物,eg:
Thehousewhosewindowsarebrokenisunoccupied.那间玻璃碎了的屋子没有人住。
5.关系副词where/when/why引导定语从句:
(1)关系副词在定语从句中只作状语:
why(forwhich),where(at/inwhich),when(during/onwhich),eg:
Idon’tknowthereasonwhyhewaslate.
(2)where引导定语从句,相当于in/atwhich,eg:
ThisistheroomwhereIwasborntenyearsago.
Theaccidenthasreachedtoapointwhereboththeirparentsaretobecalledin.
事情发展到如此程度,不得不请双方家长来一趟了。
He’sgothimselfintoadangeroussituationwhereheislikelytolosecontroloverthe
plane.他发现他到了有可能会失去控制飞机的地步。
6.介词+whom/which结构
(1)这些介词大多是定语从句中某个词或短语的习惯搭配,eg:
Wearenotconsciousoftheextenttowhichworkprovidesthepsycho
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