海曼财政学课后答案ch02.docx
- 文档编号:1952051
- 上传时间:2022-10-25
- 格式:DOCX
- 页数:9
- 大小:22.27KB
海曼财政学课后答案ch02.docx
《海曼财政学课后答案ch02.docx》由会员分享,可在线阅读,更多相关《海曼财政学课后答案ch02.docx(9页珍藏版)》请在冰豆网上搜索。
海曼财政学课后答案ch02
CHAPTER2
Efficiency,Markets,
andGovernment
INSTRUCTIONAOBJECTIVES
Themainobjectiveofthischapteristodeveloptheconceptofefficiencyandshowstudentshowitisusedtoevaluateeconomicperformanee.Tobeginthediscussion,itisnecessarytodrawthedistinctionbetweenpositiveandnormativeeconomics.Bothoftheseapproachesareusedinthechapter.Anadditionalinstructionalobjectiveisthereforetodemonstratetheusefulnessofeachtypeofanalysis.
Theconceptofefficiencyiscarefullylinkedtoresourceallocationandeconomictransactions.Thechapteralsointroducesthestudenttomarginalanalysisofresourceallocation.Thedistinctionbetweentotalsocialcostandbenefit,andmarginalsocialcostandbenefitisdrawnforstudents.Graphicanalysisisthenusedtoderivethemarginalconditionsforefficiency.TheobjectiveistoshowstudentsthatmaximizationofnetsocialbenefitrequiresthatallactivitiesbeundertakenineachtimeperioduptothepointatwhichMSB=MSC.
Theanalysisisthenusedtoevaluateresourceallocationincompetitivemarketsoperatingunderconditionsofperfectcompetitionwithnoexternalities.Thisisfollowedbyexamplesshowinghowmonopolypowerandgovernmentinterventioncanresultinlossesinefficiencyinmarkets.Theobjectivehereistoshowhowwelfaretrianglescanbeusedtomeasurelossesinwell-beingwhenefficiencyisnotachieved.
Theequity-efficiencytradeoffisalsointroducedinthechapter.Theutilitypossibilitycurveisusedtoshowstudentshowcitizensoftenrationallyopposemovementstoefficientresourceusewhencompensationforlossesinwell-beingisnotactuallypaid.Positiveanalysisoftheequity-efficiencytradeoffisalsoprovided,therebyclosingthechapterwithanillustrationofhowthepositiveapproachisusefultonormativeanalysis.
CHANGESINTHISEDITION
Thischapterhasbeenupdatedwhereneeded.Otherwise,therehavebeennochangesinthiscoretheorychapter.Anewproblemwasaddedtotheendofthechapter.
CHAPTEROUTLINE
PositiveandNormativeEconomics
NormativeEvaluationofResourceUse:
TheEfficiencyCriterion
MarginalConditionsforEfficiency
Markets,Prices,andEfficiencyConditions
WhenDoesMarketInteractionFailtoAchieveEfficiencyMonopolisticPower
HowTaxesCanCauseLossesinEfficiencyinCompetitiveMarketsPublicPolicyPerspective:
TheTaxSystemandtheBirthRat—eAnExampleofPositiveEconomicAnalysis
HowGovernmentSubsidiesCanCauseLossesinEfficiencyMarketFailure:
APreviewoftheBasisforGovernmentActivityEquityversusEfficiency
TheTradeoffbetweenEfficiencyandEquity:
AGraphicAnalysis
TheTradeoffbetweenEquityandEfficiencyinaSystemofCompetitiveMarkets
PositiveAnalysisTradeoffBetweenEquityandEfficiency
InternationalView:
AgriculturalSubsidies,InternationalTradeRestrictions,andGlobalEfficiency
MAJORPOINTSANDLECTURESUGGESTIONS
1.Instructorsmaywishtoemphasizethedifferencebetweenthenormativeandpositiveapproaches.Thenormativeapproachisbasedonunderlyingvaluesthatembodyanindividualisticethic.Thepositiveapproachissimplyascientificmethodusedtoformulatehypothesessubjecttoempiricalverification.Ipointouttomystudentsthatthenormativeapproachinpublicfinancesetsupbenchmarksagainstwhichtheimpactofgovernmentregulations,expenditures,andtaxescanbeevaluated.
2.Therearetwoaspectsofefficiencythatareusefultoemphasizeinlectures:
a.Efficiency,asthetermiscommonlyusedbythelayperson,simplymeansavoidanceofwasteinachievinganyusefulobjective.Studentsaremostlikelyalreadyfamiliarwiththisaspectofefficiency.
b.Thesecondaspectofefficiencydealswithexchange.Evenwhenproductionisaccomplishedwithoutwaste,additionalnetgainsareusuallypossiblethroughmutuallyagreeableexchanges.
Indiscussingthesecondaspectofefficiency,withwhichstudentsarelessfamiliar,youcanpointoutthatfreedomtotradeisanimportantaspectofefficiency.Constraintsonmutuallyagreeabletradetherebypreventattainmentofefficiencywhennothirdpartiesareaffectedbythosetransactions.
3.Thederivationofthemarginalconditionsforefficiencyprovidesagoodopportunitytoreviewmarginalanalysisforstudents.Makesuretoconfineyourdiscussiontoaparticulargood.Theexampleinthetextusesbread.IfindthatstudentsarequitereceptivetothenotionthatnetsocialgainsaremaximizedwheneachpossiblegoodorserviceismadeavailableuptothepointatwhichMSB=MSC.TheinclusionofthetotalsocialbenefitandtotalsocialcostcurvesinFigure2.1inthetexthelpsstudentsseehowadditionalproductionofgoodsisinefficientbeyondthepointatwhichMSB=MSC,eventhoughTSB>TSCforadditionaloutput.
4.Noticehowthemargi
- 配套讲稿:
如PPT文件的首页显示word图标,表示该PPT已包含配套word讲稿。双击word图标可打开word文档。
- 特殊限制:
部分文档作品中含有的国旗、国徽等图片,仅作为作品整体效果示例展示,禁止商用。设计者仅对作品中独创性部分享有著作权。
- 关 键 词:
- 财政学 课后 答案 ch02