西方经济学名词解释英文版Word文档下载推荐.docx
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西方经济学名词解释英文版Word文档下载推荐.docx
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一国国民在各行业中一年生产的最终产品和最终服务价值总和。
Itisoftenseenasanindicatorofthestandardoflivinginacountry.GrossDomesticProduct=consumption+investmentgoods+governmentpurchases+netexports
EconomicGrowth经济增长
steadygrowthintheproductivecapacityoftheeconomy(andsoagrowthofnationalincome)
RealEconomicGrowthRate实际经济增长率
Ameasureofeconomicgrowthfromoneperiodtoanotherexpressedasapercentageandadjustedforinflation(i.e.expressedinrealasopposedtonominalterms).Therealeconomicgrowthrateisameasureoftherateofchangethatanation'
sgrossdomesticproduct(GDP)experiencesfromoneyeartoanother.Grossnationalproduct(GNP)canalsobeusedifanation'
seconomyisheavilydependentonforeignearnings.Therealeconomicgrowthratebuildsontotheeconomicgrowthratebytakingintoaccounttheeffectthatinflationhasontheeconomy.Therealeconomicgrowthrateisa"
constantdollar"
andthereforeamoreaccuratelookattherateofeconomicgrowthbecausetherealrateisnotdistortedbytheeffectsofextremeinflationordeflation.
GDPdeflatorGDP指数
IneconomicstheGDPdeflator(implicitpricedeflatorforGDP)isameasureofthechangeinpricesofallnew,domesticallyproduced,finalgoodsandservicesinaneconomy.GDPstandsforgrossdomesticproductthetotalvalueofallgoodsandservicesproducedwithinthateconomyduringaspecifiedperiod.
NominalGDP名义GDP
Agrossdomesticproduct(GDP)figurethathasnotbeenadjustedforinflation.
RealGDP实际GDP
Thisinflation-adjustedmeasurethatreflectsthevalueofallgoodsandservicesproducedinagivenyear,expressedinbase-yearprices.Oftenreferredtoas"
constant-price"
"
inflation-corrected"
GDPor"
constantdollarGDP"
.UnlikenominalGDP,realGDPcanaccountforchangesinthepricelevel,andprovideamoreaccuratefigure.
Potentialoutput潜在产量/潜在GDP
Ineconomics,potentialoutput(alsoreferedtoas"
naturalrealgrossdomesticproduct"
)referstothehighestlevelofrealGrossDomesticProductoutputthatcanbesustainedoverthelongterm.
GDPGapGDP缺口
Theforfeitedoutputofancountry'
seconomyresultingfromthefailuretocreatesufficientjobsforallthosewillingtowork.AGDPgapdenotestheamountofproductionthatisirretrievablylost.Thepotentialforhigherproductionlevelsiswastedbecausetherearen'
tenoughjobssupplied.(与书异)
NetExports净出口
Thevalueofacountry'
stotalexportsminusthevalueofitstotalimports.Itisusedtocalculateacountry'
saggregateexpenditures,orGDP,inanopeneconomy.Inotherwords,netexportsistheamountbywhichforeignspendingonahomecountry'
sgoodsandservicesexceedsthehomecountry'
sspendingonforeigngoodsandservices.
Recession经济衰退
Asignificantdeclineinactivityspreadacrosstheeconomy,lastinglongerthanafewmonths.Itisvisibleinindustrialproduction,employment,realincome,andwholesale-retailtrade.Thetechnicalindicatorofarecessionistwoconsecutivequartersofnegativeeconomicgrowthasmeasuredbyacountry'
sGDP.
Notes:
Recessionisanormal(albeitunpleasant)partofthebusinesscycle.Arecessiongenerallylastsfromsixtoeighteenmonths.Interestratesusuallyfallinrecessionarytimestostimulatetheeconomybyofferingcheapratesatwhichtoborrowmoney.
Depression经济萧条
Asevereandprolongedrecessioncharacterizedbyinefficienteconomicproductivity,highunemployment,andfallingpricelevels.Intimesofdepression,consumer'
sconfidenceandinvestmentsdecrease,causingtheeconomytoshutdown.
ValueAdded附加值
Theenhancementacompanygivesitsproductorservicebeforeofferingtheproducttocustomers.Thiscaneitherincreasetheproductspriceorvalue.(与书异)
GrossNationalProduct–GNP国民生产总值
AneconomicstatisticthatincludesGDP,plusanyincomeearnedbyresidentsfromoverseasinvestments,minusincomeearnedwithinthedomesticeconomybyoverseasresidents.GNPisameasureofacountry'
seconomicperformance,orwhatitscitizensproduced(i.e.goodsandservices)andwhethertheyproducedtheseitemswithinitsborders.
DisposableIncome可支配收入
Theamountofafter-taxincomethatisavailabletodividebetweenspendingandpersonalsavings.Thisalsoknownasyourtakehomepay.
UnemploymentRate失业率
Thepercentageofthetotallaborforcethatisunemployedbutactivelyseekingemploymentandwillingtowork.
Laborforce劳动力
thegroupofpeoplewhohaveapotentialforbeingemployed.
FrictionalUnemployment摩擦性事业
Unemploymentthatisalwayspresentintheeconomy,resultingfromtemporarytransitionsmadebyworkersandemployersorfromworkersandemployershavinginconsistentorincompleteinformation.
StructuralUnemployment结构性失业
Unemploymentresultingfromchangesinthebasiccompositionoftheeconomy.Thesechangessimultaneouslyopennewpositionsfortrainedworkers.
CyclicalUnemployment周期性失业
Unemploymentresultingfromchangesinthebusinesscycle.
NaturalUnemployment自然失业率(与书异)
Thelowestrateofunemploymentthataneconomycansustainoverthelongrun.Keynesiansbelievethatagovernmentcanlowertherateofunemployment(i.e.employmorepeople)ifitwerewillingtoacceptahigherlevelofinflation(theideabehindthePhillipsCurve).However,criticsofthissaythattheeffectistemporaryandthatunemploymentwouldbouncebackupbutinflationwouldstayhigh.Thus,thenatural,orequilibrium,rateisthelowestlevelofunemploymentatwhichinflationremainsstable.Alsoknownasthe"
non-acceleratinginflationrateofunemployment"
(NAIRU).
Whentheeconomyissaidtobeatfullemployment,itisatitsnaturalrateofunemployment.Economistsdebatehowthenaturalratemightchange.Forexample,someeconomiststhinkthatincreasinglabor-marketflexibilitywillreducethenaturalrate.Othereconomistsdisputetheexistenceofanaturalratealtogether!
Frictionalunemployment—Thisreflectsthefactthatittakestimeforpeopletofindandsettleintonewjobs.If12individualseachtakeonemonthbeforetheystartanewjob,theaggregateunemploymentstatisticswillrecordthisasasingleunemployedworker.Technologicalchangeoftenreducesfrictionalunemployment,forexample:
theinternetmadejobsearchescheaperandmorecomprehensive.
Structuralunemployment—Thisreflectsamismatchbetweentheskillsandotherattributesofthelabourforceandthosedemandedbyemployers.If4workerseachtakesixmonthsofftore-trainbeforetheystartanewjob,theaggregateunemploymentstatisticswillrecordthisastwounemployedworkers.Technologicalchangeoftenincreasesstructuralunemployment,forexample:
technologicalchangemightrequireworkerstore-train.
Naturalrateofunemployment—Thisisthesummationoffrictionalandstructuralunemployment.Itisthelowestrateofunemploymentthatastableeconomycanexpecttoachieve,seeingassomefrictionalandstructuralunemploymentisinevitable.Economistsdonotagreeonthenaturalrate,withestimatesrangingfrom1%to5%,oronitsmeaning—someassociateitwith"
non-acceleratinginflation.Theestimatedratevariesfromcountrytocountryandfromtimetotime.
Demanddeficientunemployment—InKeynesianeconomics,anylevelofunemploymentbeyondthenaturalrateismostlikelyduetoinsufficientdemandintheoveralleconomy.Duringarecession,aggregateexpenditureisdeficientcausingtheunderutilizationofinputs(includinglabour).Aggregateexpenditure(AE)canbeincreased,accordingtoKeynes,byincreasingconsumptionspending(C),increasinginvestmentspending(I),increasinggovernmentspending(G),orincreasingthenetofexportsminusimports(X−M).
{AE=C+I+G+(X−M)}
Okun'
sLaw奥昆法则
Arelationshipbetweenaneconomy'
sGDPgapandtheactualunemploymentrate.Therelationshipisrepresentedbyaratioof1to2.5.Thus,forevery1%excessofthenaturalunemploymentrate,a2.5%GDPgapispredicted.
Inflation通货膨胀
Therateatwhichthegenerallevelofpricesforgoodsandservicesisrising,and,subsequently,purchasingpowerisfalling.
Deflation通货紧缩steadilyfallingprices
Ageneraldeclineinprices,oftencausedbyareductioninthesupplyofmoneyorcredit.Deflationcanbecausedalsobyadecreaseingovernment,personalorinvestmentspending.Theoppositeofinflation,deflationhasthesideeffectofincreasedunemploymentsincethereisalowerlevelofdemandintheeconomy,whichcanleadtoaneconomicdepression.
Hyperinflation超级通货膨胀
Extremelyrapidoroutofcontrolinflation.
Inflationrate通货膨胀率
Ineconomics,theinflationrateistherateofincreaseoftheaveragepricelevel(ameasureofinflation).Ifonelikesanalogies,thesizeofaballoonislikethepricelevel,whiletheinflationrateishowquicklyitgrowsinsize.Alternatively,theinflationrateistherateofdecreaseinthepurchasingpower
ofmoney.
ConsumerPriceIndex(CPI)消费价格指数
TheCPI,asitiscalled,measuresthepricesofconsumergoodsandservicesandisameasureofthepaceofUSinflation.TheUSDepartmentofLaborpublishestheCPIeverymonth.
Demand-pullinflation
需求拉动型通货膨胀
inflationduetohighdemandforGDPandlowunemployment,alsoknownasPhillipsCurve
inflation
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