比较斯威夫特和鲁迅使用讽刺手法地异同Word下载.docx
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比较斯威夫特和鲁迅使用讽刺手法地异同Word下载.docx
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FortheDegreeofB.A.
Tutor:
LiJianhua
Specialty:
English
Direction:
Literature
Tangshan,Hebeiprovince
May,2008
摘要
鲁迅和斯威夫特都是文学巨匠,都为本国文学乃至世界文学做出了杰出贡献。
本文试把他们作品的讽刺艺术作比拟。
首先,本文从讽刺内容上对鲁迅和斯威夫特的作品进展了比拟。
他们不仅讽刺了统治阶级,揭露了社会的黑暗,并呼吁人们对社会进展革命性的变革,而且还讽刺了人性的弱点,对人性提出了疑问。
接着本文比拟了两人的文章中的表达技巧。
他们都使用了夸X,鲜明的比照和强烈的反讽。
最后,对他们讽刺的措辞进展了比拟。
他们文章中的语言都是诙谐幽默,锋利泼辣,简洁而又质朴的。
分析和总结二人讽刺艺术一样点,有利于我们体悟讽刺艺术的特点,加深对讽刺艺术的理解。
中西方文化在激烈的碰撞中演进,出现了很多难以克制的问题,讽刺艺术仍有极强的生命力。
两人的讽刺艺术对于我们认识和书写现实社会和现实人生不乏启迪意义,作品中显露出的思想也仍有着很强的现实意义,这些都值得我们去深思和研究。
关键词:
讽刺比拟内容表达技巧措辞
Abstract
BothLuXunandSwiftarethemostrenownedwriters;
bothofthemhadcontributionstonationalliteratureandeventheworldliterature.Thispaperhascarriedontheparisonfromthesatireangletotheirworks.Firstofall,thispaperparestheworksofLuXunwithSwiftfromsatiricalcontents.Theynotmerelysatirizetherulingclass,revealthedarknessofthesociety,urgeforrevolutionarychangestothesociety,andhaveexposedthefrailtiesandweaknessofhumanbeingsandquestionedthehumannature.Next,thispaperparesthetechniquesofexpressionbetweenthistwowrites.Thispartanalysestheutilizationofexaggeration,distinctivecontrastandsharpirony.Finally,itparestheirsatiricdictions.Theyhavebothusedhumorous,sharpandsimplelanguage.Throughanalyzingandsummarizingthesimilaritiesoftheirsatireart,ithelpsustoprehendthecharacteristicofart,deepentheunderstandingtoartofsatirizing.NowthecultureofChineseandWesternareevolvinginthemutualexchange,manydifficultiesquestionsappeared;
thereforesatiricalartstillhaveverystrongvitality.ThethoughtsdisplayedinworksofLuXunandSwiftstillhavesingularlypracticalsignificance.Alltheseareworthourthinkingandstudying.
Keywords:
Satire;
parison;
Contents;
Techniquesofexpression;
Diction
Contents
Introduction…………………………………………………………1
ChapterOneparisonofsatiricalcontents………………………………3
1.1Theadoptionofsatiretocondemnthesocialevilsandurgeforsocialrevolutionary………………………………………………………3
1.2Theadoptionofsatiretoexposethefrailtiesandweaknessofhumanbeings………………………………………………………………...4
ChapterTwoparisonofthetechniquesofexpression………6
2.1Exaggeration………………………………………………………6
2.2Distinctivecontrast…………………………………………………7
2.3Sharpirony………………………..………………………………..8
ChapterThreeparisonoftheirsatiricdictions………………………...10
3.1Humorousdictions…………………………………………………10
3.2Sharpandbitterdictions……………………………………………11
3.3Conciseandsimpledictions………………………………………13
3.4Theuseofseriousdictionstodescribepettycharactersandtrivialstories……………………………………………………………14
Conclusion……………………………………………………………15
Notes………………………………………………………………………16
Bibliography………………………………………………………………18
Introduction
Swift,Jonathan〔1667-1745〕isAnglo-Irishsatiristandpoliticalpamphleteer.HeisconsideredtobeoneofthegreatestmastersofEnglishprose.HewasborninDublin.Hewrotemanyworkswhichwereveryrichinsatire,buthewasfamousforhisproseTheTaleofTub(1704),whichsatirizedandattackedtheshameandimpudicityofBritishvariousdenominations.HisearliestprosewasTheBattleoftheBooks,whichpointsoutthepooracademyatthattime,shallowliterarycriticismandvariousbadsocialhabits,andproposescriticismtotheacademicresearchwhichlosescontactwithrealityatthattime.In1710aTorygovernmentcametopowerinEngland,andSwiftturnedhisbitingsatireagainsttheWhigs.HedefendedtheToryadministration’spolicies.Swift’spamphletTheConductoftheAllies(1711)chargedthattheWhigshadprolongedtheWaroftheSpanishSuccessionoutofself-interest.InAModestProposal〔1729〕,SwiftironicallysuggeststhatpoorIrishchildrenshouldbesoldasfoodtowealthyEnglish,thusturninganeconomicburdentogeneralprofit.Forhischampionshipoftheircauseintheseessays,SwiftbecameaherooftheIrishpeople.Swift’smasterpiece,TravelsintoSeveralRemoteNationsoftheWorld,morepopularlytitledGulliver’sTravels,waspublishedanonymouslyin1726andmetwithinstantsuccess.Thesatireisanattackonhumansociety.
LuXun,chiefmanderofChina’smodernCulturalRevolution,wasnotonlyagreatthinker,butalsothefounderofmodernChineseliterature.IntheMay1918,LuXunpublishedoneofhisbeststoriesAMadman’sDiaryonthemagazineNewYouth.Thiswashis“declarationofwar〞againstChina’sfeudalsociety,andthefirstshortstoryinthehistoryofmodernChineseliterature.ThereafterhecontinuestowriteavarietyofstoriessuchasTheTrueStoryofAhQ,whichcutthroughandsharplyattackedtherealityinthedarkoldsociety.ThisbookmakesLuXunawell-knownauthorthroughouttheworld.LuXunwrotenearlythirtyfictions,whichwerelaterclassifiedintotwovolumes:
CalltoArms,Wandering,andbecamewealthintheChinesepeople’sliteraryheritage.LuXunwasthefirstpersoninChinatowritefictionincolloquialism.Theseshortfictionsshowclearlythathismethodinthisperiodofwritingisusingsatiretocondemnthereality.WilliamalsomentionsthatLuXun’spurposeinwritingeachoneofthefictionwasthathewantedtotransformtheChinesepsyche.InhisforewordtoCalltoArms,LuXunstatedthathismotiveinchoosingliteratureistouseitasaweaponofstruggle.Thushedemandedhisreadersapproachhisworkwithanactiveattitudeofparticipation,andhedisdainedthetraditionalChineseconceptofnovels,whichallowedtheworkonlyalimitedroleasaformofentertainment.[1]
ChapterOneparisonofSatiricalContents
TheworksofSwiftandLuXunhavemuchthesameorsimilaritiesinsatiricalcontents.Theymercilesslyrevealedandcondemnedtothedarksociety,whenbeingdeeper,theyalsosatirizedhumannaturedirectly.
1.1Theadoptionofsatiretocondemnthesocialevilsandurgeforrevolutionarychangesofsociety
TheworksofSwiftandLuXunhaveonedistinctivemoncharacteristic,thatis,theyenlarge,twist,extendthefunny,ugliness,crueltyanddarknessofactuallife,andmakeitunbelievableandmoreabsurdwiththetacticsofsatire.Whilegivingreaderstrongshaking,theworksachievethegoalofcondemningstronglyandcastigatingmercilessly.
SwiftwrotetwosatiricworksTheTaleofTubandTheBattleofthebookinearlydaysin1696and1697.Thisishisfirsttimetorepresentsatirictalent.Onthesurface,TheTaleofTubspeaksastorythatthreebrothersabandonthetestamentofdiedfather,infactitimitatesbitinglytothereligiousdemonstrations,satirizestheshamofthosewhoconsiderthemselvestraditionalChrist.TheBattleoftheBookpointsoutthepooracademyatthattime,shallowliterarycriticismandvariousbadsocialhabits,andproposescriticismtotheacademicresearchwhichlosescontactwithrealityatthattime.Gulliver’sTravelsisthemasterpieceofthesatiricworksofSwift.Itexactlylikesmagicalandhumorousbookforchildrenonthesurface;
infact,itisarealisticworkthatexposesdeeplytoBritainsociety,politics,lawandcustom.[2]
LuXuncriticizesthereality,revealsthesocialevilsandingrainedhabitofthepeople.Forexample,inTheTrueStoryofAhQandAMadman’sDiary,LuXunusessatiricaltacticstocriticizegradeautocraticsystemofoldConfuciansharplyanddeeply.LuXunhascondemnedtheignoranceandpassivethoughtswhichwereexistedinsomeheadsofthenationals.ForexampleinTheTrueStoryofAhQ,thefestivalwomanwatchesofHsiangLin’sWife,ignoranceandlazyofKongYijiandotherbehaviorthatunderthecontroloftheOdd-shapedpsychology.
1.2Theadoptionofsatiretoexposethefrailtiesandweaknessofhumanbeings
TheworksofLuXunandSwiftnotonlycondemncurrentsocialsituation,butalsosatirizetheweaknessofhumanbeings.InGulliver’sTravels,GulliverestothecountryofHouyhnhnms,wherearenomoney,armyandthepolice.Heexplainstothehorsemaster:
Thereforesincemoneyalonewasabletoperformallthesefeats,oursthoughttheycouldneverhaveenoughofittospend,ortosave,astheyfoundthemselvesinclined,fromtheirnaturalbenteithertoprofusionoravarice;
thattherichmanenjoyedthefruitofthepoorman’slabor,andthelatterwereathousandtooneinproportiontotheformer;
thatthebulkofourpeoplewereforcedtolivemiserably,bylaboringeverydayforsmallwages,tomakeafewliveplentifully.〞[3]
SwifttellstheweaknessofhumanbeingsfromGulliver’smouth.ItshowsthatSwifthasalreadydiscoveredthegreedydesiresofpeopleandsocialgapbetweenrichandpoorwhichareprominentintherealisticsocietydaybyday.Healsohassatirizedtherichpeopleatthattime.
LuXundevotedallhislifeintransformingthenational.Hethoughtnotonlytherulershouldbetransformed,butalsothelowerlevelpopulaceshouldbetransformed.AmongLuXun’sworks,TheTrueStoryofAhQisthemostfamousstoryandAhQisthemostvacuous“typicalcharacter〞LuXunhaseverinvented.
ThestorytracestheadventuresofAhQ,amanfromthepeasantclasswithlittleeducationandnodefinitejob.AhQisfamousfor“psychologicalvictories〞,LuXun’seuphemismforself-talkandself-deceptionevenwhenfacedwithextremedefeatorhumiliation.AhQisabullyofthelessfortunatebutfearfulofthosewhoareabovehiminrank,strengthorpower.LuXunexposesAhQ’sextremefaultsassymptomaticofChinesepeople’sstateofmindinhistime.Theendingofthepiece,whereAhQiscartedofftoexecutionfo
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