History and Anthology of English Literature文档格式.docx
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History and Anthology of English Literature文档格式.docx
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•EarlyandMedievalEnglishliterature
-----themakingofEngland
•The15thcenturyto16thcenturyEnglishliterature
-----EnglishRenaissance
•The17thcenturyEnglishliterature
------RevolutionandRestorationperiod
•The18thcenturyEnglishliterature
------EnglishEnlightenmentMovement
•EnglishRomanticism
------from1798to1832
•TheVictorianAge
------theEnglishCriticalRealism
•Midandlate19thcenturyEnglishliterature
•The20thcenturyEnglishliterature
PartIAnglo-SaxonPeriod
•HistoricalBackground:
Earlyinhabitantsof“England”werecalledBritons.
(Britain=thelandofBritons)
•Timemark:
In55B.C.RomanConquestbyJuliusCaesar
In78A.D.BritainwascompletelyconqueredbyRomans
–In410A.D.thefalloftheRomanEmpireandtheruleended.
------RomanConquestlastedformorethan400years.
–Afterwards,threetribesfromNorthernEuropecameinthisland
-------theAngles,theSaxonsandtheJutes
–Thesethreelaterformedawholecountry,calledEngland,thelandofAnglesandthelanguagespokenbythemwasOldEnglish.
InfluenceofRomanConquest
•RomancivilizationwasbroughttoEngland
•Anetworkofhighways
•ChristianitywasintroducedtoEngland
Monasterieswerebuiltandthemonksbecametheonlyeducatedpeople
Literatureinthisperiod
•Thereweretwodivisions:
paganandChristian
1)pagan:
oralstoriesgleeman
2)Christian:
inwrittenformandwastaughtandtransmittedbymonks
Note:
pagan
•Paganbeliefsandactivitiesdonotbelongtoanyofthemainreligionsoftheworldandtakenatureandabeliefinmanygodsasabasis.Theyareolder,orarebelievedtobeolder,thanotherreligions.
•Informertimes,paganswerepeoplewhodidnotbelieveinChristianityandwhommanyChristiansconsideredtobeinferiorpeople.
•异教徒(信奉非主流宗教者);
教外人(旧时的基督徒用以指非基督徒)
TheSongofBeowulf
Structuredbyfights
•Firstfight:
withGrendel
•BeowulfbeginswiththestoryofKingHrothgar,whobuiltthegreathallHeorotforhispeople.Inithe,hiswifeWealhþ
eowandhiswarriorsspendtheirtimesingingandcelebrating,untilGrendel,anoutcastfromsocietywhoisangeredbythesinging,attacksthehallandkillsanddevoursmanyofHrothgar'
swarriorswhiletheysleep.ButGrendeldaresnottotouchthethroneofHrothgar,becauseheisdescribedasprotectedbyapowerfulgod.Hrothgarandhispeople,helplessagainstGrendel'
sattacks,abandonHeorot.
Secondfight:
Grendel'
smother
•Thenextnight,aftercelebratingGrendel'
sdeath,HrothgarandhismensleepinHeorot.Grendel'
smotherappearsandattacksthehall.ShekillsHrothgar'
smost-trustedwarrior,Æ
schere,inrevengeforGrendel'
sdeath.
•Hrothgar,Beowulf,andtheirmentrackdownGrendel‘smothertoherlair(巢穴)underalake.Beowulfprepareshimselfforbattle;
heispresentedwithasword,Hrunting,byawarriorcalledUnferth.AfterstipulatinganumberofconditionstoHrothgarincaseofhisdeath,Beowulfdivesintothelake.HeisswiftlydetectedandattackedbyGrendel'
smother.However,sheisunabletoharmBeowulfthroughhisarmoranddragshimtothebottomofthelake.InacaverncontainingGrendel'
sbodyandtheremainsofmenthatthetwohavekilled,Grendel'
smotherandBeowulfengageinfiercecombat.
Thirdfight:
Thedragon
•Beowulfreturnshomeandeventuallybecomeskingofhisownpeople.Oneday,lateinBeowulf'
slife,aslavestealsagoldencupfromthelairofanunnameddragonatEarnaness.Whenthedragonseesthatthecuphasbeenstolen,itleavesitscaveinarage,burningeverythinginsight.Beowulfandhiswarriorscometofightthedragon,butonlyoneofthewarriors,abraveyoungmannamedWiglaf,staystohelpBeowulf.BeowulfkillsthedragonwithWiglaf'
shelp,butdiesfromthewoundshehasreceived.
•Afterheiscremated(火葬),BeowulfisburiedinGeatlandonacliffoverlookingthesea,wheresailorsareabletoseehistumulus(坟墓).Thedragon‘streasureisburiedwithhim,inaccordancewithBeowulf’swishes,ratherthandistributedtohispeople.Thereisacurseassociatedwiththehoard(宝藏)anditisalsoaGermanicandScandinavianburialpractice.
Significance:
•1)itistheonlycompletesurvivingpoetry.
•2)itisanEnglishnationalepic
Term:
Epic—alongversenarrativeonaserioussubject.Itistoldinaformalandelevatedstyle,andcenteredonaheroicfigureonwhoseactivitiesdependsthefateofatribe,anationorthewholehumanrace.
Furtheranalysis
•Narrative—ittellsastoryofsomebody,realorlegendary
•Verse—itsmeter:
Alliterativeverse
(Alliteration)
Alliteration
•Definition:
Theoccurrenceofthesameletterorsoundatthebeginningoftwoormorewordsinsuccession
Alliteration—Example
•Examplesofalliterationincludewell-knowntongue-twisterssuchas"
Roundtheruggedrocktheraggedrascalran"
and"
PeterPiperpickedapeckofpickledpeppers."
ArtisticfeaturesofSongofBeowulf
•Theuseofalliteration
•Theuseofmetaphorsandofunderstatements
e.g.swan-road/whale-path=sea;
battle-hero/spear-fighter=solider
nottroublesome=welcome
neednotpraiseforarighttocondem
MajorThemesofTheSongofBeowulf
⏹Goodnessconquersevil
⏹Menagainstnature
(Thematicallythepoemrepresentsavividpictureofhowtheprimitivepeoplewageheroicstruggleagainstthehostileforcesofthenaturalworldunderawiseandmightyleader)
3.Judgethegreatnessofahumanbeingbythegreatnessofhisdeedsandhisnobleancestry
4.Helpthyneighbor
5.Forcesofdarknessarealwaysatworkintheworld.
PartII.
Anglo-NormanPeriod(1066—1350)
HistoricalBackground
•Theyear1066------thebattleofHastings(14October1066)
Consequenceofthebattle
NormanconquestbyWilliamDukeofNormandy
•DukeWilliam
(collectedlandfromSaxons)
•Normans
•(subdividedtheland)
•Knights
Conclusion
•Politically,Englandenteredintothefeudalsociety
Addition
•AstrongcentralizedgovernmentappearedinsteadofthelooseunionofSaxontribes
------>
thegrowthofnationality
•Religiously,theRome-backedCatholicChurchhadastrongercontroloverthecountry.
(furtherinputoftheRomancivilizationtoEngland)
Newlanguageandliterature
•Inlanguage,threelanguagesco-existed
French—thelanguageusedbytherulingclass
Latin—languageofchurchofficialsandinuniversity
OldEnglish—languagespokenbycommonpeople
Examples
•一般的日常用语,如beast,country,cup,fruit,lamp,letter,oil,rose,table,war,service,prison,castle,market之外,还可以遇到一些宗教用语abbot,clerk,hermit,pilgrim,prior,miracle,religion,sermon,一些文化方面的词语justice,peace,rich,poor,还有一些关于文明生活及服装的词,如fashion,dress,habit,button,fur,robe,collar,chemise等等。
此外还有copy(拷贝)、colognespirit(科隆香水)、cent(分币)、modern(摩登)、disco(迪斯科)、model(模特)、mushroom(蘑菇)
Inliterature,itunderwenttwostages:
•From1600toMid14thcentury,abarrenperiodinliterarycreation
•The2ndhalfof14thcentury,Englishliteraturestartedtoflourish
(representative—GeoffreyChaucer)
CharacteristicsoftheMedievalliterature
•Itdealswithawiderangeofsubjects.
•Itisexpressedinavarietyofstyles,tonesandgenres.
•Popularfolkliteratureoccupiesanimportantplaceinthisperiod.
Literatureinstudy
•GeoffreyHistory
•TheworksofFrenchwritersbecausetheymadetheArthurianlegendspopular
•Rimingchronicles
•MetricalRomances
Romance(传奇)
•Nature:
Itisakindofgenre,namedagainaschivalricromance.
Itisapopularliteraryforminthemedievalperiod.Itusesnarrativeverseorprosetosingknightlyadventuresorotherheroicdeeds.
Origins
•Thegenreofromancedealtwithtraditionalthemes.Overwhelmingly,thesewerelinkedinsomeway,perhapsonlyinanopeningframestory,withthreethematiccyclesoftales:
thesewereassembledinimaginationatalatedateasthe"
MatterofRome"
(actuallycenteredonthelifeanddeedsofAlexandertheGreat),the"
MatterofFrance"
(CharlemagneandRoland)andthe"
MatterofBritain"
(thelivesanddeedsofKingArthurandtheKnightsoftheRoundTable,withinwhichwasincorporatedthequestfortheHolyGrail);
FeaturesandcharacteristicsofRomance
•Thecharacter:
theknights,whoworshipedchivalry
•Itrepresentsacourtlyandchivalricage—morecivilized
•Theplot:
a.aknight’squestforabeautifullady’sheart—courtlylove
b.aknightfightswithdragonandmonsters
•Thetheme:
loyaltytolordandking;
acelebrationofcourage,loyalty,honorandlove.
•Thestructure:
looseandepisodic
•Thelanguage:
simpleandstraightforward
•Thereisoftenaliberaluseoftheimprobable,sometimessupernaturalthings,e.g.mysteriesandfantasies.
TheAgeofChaucer
•SocialBackground--atransitionalperiod
•theawakeningofnationalconsciousnessinEngland
GeoffreyChaucer(1340?
-1400)
Focus
•IntroductionofGeoffreyChaucer
•IntroductionofTheCanterburyTales
•Analysisofthiswork
•ContributionofChaucer
Evaluation
•TheFatherofEnglishPoetry
•OneofthegreatestnarrativepoetsofEngland
•translatedtheBibleintostandardEnglish(toreformthechurch)
life
•Borninarichfamily
•HewasoncesenttoItalytofulfillthediplomaticmission
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