英文文献综述举例 Where does the sport tourism goWord格式.docx
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英文文献综述举例 Where does the sport tourism goWord格式.docx
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Interestinsporteventishighandstillrising.Forinstance,thenumberofparticipantsinsporteventssuchasmarathonsandtriathlonsisgrowinginGermany(DTU,2009).In2010LondonOlympicGames,Chinesedelegationhasagoodperformance.AndmanyChinesewenttoLondontowatchthegameandtravelledinEngland.InAugust2013,GuangzhouHengdafootballteamgotthechampionshipinAsianChampionsLeagueinGuangzhouTianheStadium.Forthefinalmatch,thereweremanyKoreanfootballfanscametoGuangzhou.
Thesesporteventsbringtouristsintodestination.Everyeventisauniqueblendingofitsduration,setting,management,andpeople(Getz,1997).Sporttourismiscausedbythesesporteventsthatareauthenticandpresentatrueexperience(Schmid,2006).
Sporttourismresearch
In2001,theWorldTourismOrganizationandtheInternationalOlympicCommitteeheldajointconferencetodiscusstherelationshipbetweensportandtourism.AndManyresearchesoftherelationshipbetweensportandtourismcommencewithacommentontherespectivesizesofthesportandtourismindustriesand/orontheincreasingconvergenceofsportandtourisminthepracticeofprovidersandparticipants(Weed,2009).ItappearsthatthefirstpublicationrelatingtosportstourismwaspublishedbytheCentralCouncilforPhysicalRecreationin1966.In1970,WilliamsandZelinskyhighlightedthetourismgenerationpotentialofmega-sportseventssuchastheOlympicGames,athemethatcontinuestothepresentday.
SportTourismisaneconomic,environmental,social,andpoliticalphenomenonaswellasanattractivemixtureofbothsportandtourism(Sajjadi,Jamshidi,andHeidary,2012).Becausethetourismisalwayscausedbysportevent,sosporttourismresearchesfocusonsportevent.Infact,eventsporttourism,aswellasbeingasignificantmanifestationoftherelationshipbetweensportandtourism,overlapswithanotherimportantfieldofenquiry,thatofeventtourism,whichwasrecentlythesubjectofasimilar“progress”review(Getz,2008).
Insporttourismresearch,therearetwoparts–sporteventandtourism–whicharenotonlyhighlyviablebutarealsoexpanding.Someofthecontributingfactorstothegrowthofsporttourisminclude:
expansioninthenumberofparticipantsworldwideinavarietyofprofessional,intramural,andleisuresportleagues;
theincreasedgeneralpopularityofsportsworldwide;
anincreaseoftravelerswhoplanvacationsaroundsportevents;
andtheexponentialgrowthofpopularityin“activelifestyles”(GreenandChalip,1998).Thiscontinuinggrowthinbothareasdemandsattentioninordertounderstandtheimportantprocessesanddynamicsineffectintherelationshipbetweenthem.
However,thepapersonsporttourismlacksystemandmainlyfocusedmoreoncasestudies,especiallyonmega-eventsandhallmarkevents.Indevelopedcountries(Spain,Australia,USA),moresporteventtourismresearchesareheldthanindevelopingcountries.Thisreasonisverysimplethatfewmega-eventshaveeverbeenhostedindevelopingcountries.Forexample,2010WorldCupwashostedinSouthAfricaanditwasthefirsttimethatWorldCupwashostedinadevelopingcountrysinceMexico1986.Andasplanned,BrazilwillhosttheFIFAWorldCupin2014,andQatarin2022.Thetrendthatmoreandmoredevelopingcountrieshavechancestoholdsomesporteventwillprovidegoodresearchmaterialandcaseforscholarsinthesecountries.
Sporteventanddestinationimage
Sporttourismhasattractedhighattentionamongscholarsandpractitionerswithregardtoimprovingeventanddestinationimagesandtodifferentiatetheproductandtherebyattractingmoretourists(Chalipetal.,2003)
Sporttourismresearchfocusedmoreonmega-events,hallmarkevents,andlarge-scaleevents.Thefigure1showsthesporteventcategory.Particularly,hallmarkeventsaremajorone-timeorrecurringeventsofsuchmagnitudethattheyplacesignificantimpactsonthehostcityorregion.
Therearesomanysporteventsintheworld,suchasOlympicGames,FIFAWorldCup,WinterOlympics,somesecond-tier,regionalandrelativelysmallersporteventsandsoon.Theseeventscanhavesignificantsocial,economic,andenvironmentalimpactsonhostcommunities.Sporteventssatisfythecravingsofsocietyandindividualsforvarietyandnewexperiences(Schmid,2006).
Figure1:
SportEventsCategory
Scale
Examples
Mega-event,
OlympicGames,FIFAWorldCup,WinterOlympics
Hallmarkeventandlarge-scaleevent.
CommonwealthGames,CricketWorldCup,SuperBowl
Smallscale
Someeventsextendforweeks
Sporteventsinsmallcommunities
Andfromtourists’perspective,therearemanysporttourismforms,suchassportcamps,sportconferences,sportcruises,sporttours,attendanceathallmarkevents,andparticipationin“club”sportevents(KurtzmanandZauhar,2005).
Sporteventsnecessarilytakeplacewithindestinations,andstrongrelationshipsbetweentheimagesofsporteventsanddestinationshavebeenidentified(Kaplanidou,2007).
Sporteventsarebeingusedbydestinationmanagerstobuildorrebuildthehostdestination’simage.Advocatesofbrandequityasacoremarketingobjectivecontendthatdestinationsshouldonlychoosetohosteventsthatcancontributetothesaliencyorvalueofthedestination’simage.Whatcancontributetodestinationimagedependslargelyonthedegreetowhichtheeventhasadistinctbrandimageinoneormoreofthedestination’ssourcemarkets.Thisisconsistentwiththeattitudesofbothdestinationandeventmarketers,whoexpecteventstogenerateattentionforthedestinationthroughadvertising,publicityandword-of-mouthbefore,duringandaftertheeventhastakenplace.Forexample,populareventslikeWorldCupandtheOlympicGameshavestrongbrandimagesintheirhostdestinations’sourcemarkets.Whenaneventhasawell-establishedbrandofitsown,thentheeventname,logoorsloganwillactivateanevent-specificnetworkofnodesandassociations.Aneventcanserveasabrandfeature.However,themajorityofeventsdonotobtainsufficientexposureintouristmarketstocultivateadistinctbrandimage,andthosethatdoaretypicallycostly.Andinthepractice,eventanddestinationmarketersreportthateventsarepoorlyusedindestinationbrandingtobuildimage,largelybecausethemeansandbasesforbuildingeventsintodestinationbrandingstrategiesarepoorlyunderstood.
Sporttourists
Sporttouristsarethebasementforsporttourism.Thetrendformoreeventsinthesporttourismcontextisimportantaseventscangenerateahighnumberofsporttourists(Dimanche,2003).Giventherecentselectionofemergingcountriesashostsforsomesportevents,futureresearchonsporteventtouristsindevelopingcountriesiswarranted.However,justknowingthenumberoftouristshaslittlehelpfortourismindustryandmarketers.Ifadestinationwantstodomoreaccuratemarketingandposition,thedifferentsegmentsofthesporttourismmarketandtheinfluencingattributesthatmotivatetheirsport-relatedtravelweshouldknowwell.Segmentationmakesiteasiertounderstandandtargetspecificgroupsthathavesimilarcharacteristicsandbehaviors.
SeveralstudieshaveidentifiedsporttouristsateventsfromA-Y:
Automobilestoyachts,withhorseracesinbetween(Cashman,2003).Sporttouristsdifferfromothertypesoftouristsintermsoftheirmotivesforvisitingadestinationandthesport-relatedactivitiestheyengageinduringtheirvisit.Further,sporttouristsdonotrepresentahomogeneousgroup,therearesegmentsthatattendsportingeventsfordifferentpurposes.
Assportactivityisoftenboundtothetravelmotivewhichcanbeeitheractive(participating)orpassive(watching),sportstourismcanbedescribedasaheterogeneousphenomenon(WeedandBull,2004)andtherefore,travelbehaviorisdeterminedbyawiderangeofmotivations.Therearetwoprimarytypesofsporteventtourists:
Participantsandspectators(TurcoandMichele,2012).Participantstraveltoeventdestinationstoplaysport.Theymaybeeliteprofessionalsorrankamateursandtheirmainpurposeistoplaysport.ParticipatorysporttouristsmayincludeMarathonrunnersormountainbikers,leisureskiersoryoungFinnishfootballers.Thequalificationforparticipatorysporttouristsisthattheyarevisitorstothedestinationandtheyareactivelyengagedinsport.Sporttouristspectatorsarevisitorswhowatchothersparticipateinsport.Theymaytraveltowitnesstheirfavoriteplayerorteamplayawaymatchesasisthecasewithfootballteam’sfans.Forinstance,teamsfromaroundtheworldcompeteinroundrobinandeliminationplay,attractingover500,000spectatorsandlivetelevisioncoverageworldwideonESPN(TurcoandMichele,2012).Dependingonthepastresearch,agreatnumberofsporttouristsaremale,singleandhighlyeducated(Sajjadi,JamshidiandHeidary,2012).
Fromthesocialexchangetheoryperspectives,peoplewhogetmore(or
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