reading and translation文档格式.docx
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reading and translation文档格式.docx
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Justiceandinjusticeincriminaladjudicationaremorethanabstractconcepts;
inmodernAmericaeachtermconjuresupitsownparadigmimage.Justiceoccursinasombercourtroomwherearobedreachalegaldecision.Injusticeisabloodthirstymobbearinglittorches,intimidatingonthedoorsofthejaildesperatetowreakrevengeuponthesuspectedwrongdoerheldwithin.
Thisimageofinjusticeprovidesmanynormativeinsights.Onethatcourtshavefrequentlydrawnisthatincriminaladjudicationemotionisunalterablyopposedtoreasonandthustojusticeitself.Takingthisprincipleastepfarther,courtshaveurgedthatthemorealegalissuemightprovokepopularrage,thehardercourtsmustworktoinsulatethelegaldecisionfromemotiveinfluence.Theclassicexampleiscapitalsentencing,anoccasionwhichevokesstrongemotions.HeretheSupremeCourthasworkedtoensurethat“anydecisiontoimposethedeathsentencebe,andappeartobe,basedonreasonratherthancapriceoremotion.”TheCourthas,overaperiodofyears,undertakenanextensiveregulatoryprojectaimedatsuppressingemotiveinfluenceincapitalcasesbymandatingrationalisticruledtoguidesentencing.Thisinsistenceupontheinjusticeofallemotionstemsfromamisconceptionofemotionanditsinfluenceuponcriminalpunishment.Althoughthemob-at-jailsceneillustratesthatangercanleadtoinjustice,itdoesnotsupportthepropositionthatalldecisionsinfluencedbyangeraremorallytainted.Angercanbejustifiedandhavemoraldecision-makingiscomplex;
untanglingitinvolvesacloseexaminationofemotionthanthelawhasgenerallyundertaken.
Thishasobvioussignificanceforcriminallawasaformofsocialconcord.Butitisalsoimportantforitsallegedroleasarestraintonpower.Criminallawdoeslittleornothingtorestricttheeffortsofthevariousprofessionalsmowresponsibleforpreventingandreshapingdeviantbehavior.Ratheritisthemwhohavecolonizeditsterritory,asinthewelfareoftheprofessionalauthoritythatlegitimatesthemandbecausetheyenterintotheenablingroleofthestateasdispenserofbenefits.Thisistosaynothingofotherformsofmarketandbureaucraticpowerandsocialcontrolexercisedbygroupsotherthangovernment.Undertheseconditionstheallegedprotectionsofthecriminallawseempremisedonanineteenthcenturyviewofthestateandsociety;
thoseinterestedinthelawinthetwentiethcenturymustlooktothepotentialofadministrativelawratherthantocriminallaw.Eitherwaycriticalwriterswouldbewastingtheirtimehere.
Whilstthereisalotoftruthinthispictureofthedecliningimportanceofcriminallaw,itissensiblenottoexaggerateitslossoffunctions.Fromacriticalpointofviewitwouldseemtoretainacrucialideologicalsignificanceasbeingtheformofclosettouchwithpublic.Itishardtocredittheideathatthesecentralliberal/bourgeoisnotionshavebeendisplacedbythenewerdisciplinesandstrategies.
1.Thereasonfortheinsulationofemotionsincriminaladjudicationisdueto______
A.theseverityofthepossiblepunishment
B.thesocialconcernfortheadjudication
C.theSupremeCourtdecision
D.theidealofkeepingorder
2.Accordingtotheauthor’sopinion,theoriginationoftheinsistenceupontheinjusticeofallemotionis__________
A.thatemotionisinevitablyagainstreasonandjustice
B.themisunderstandingofemotionanditsinfluence
C.thecourtshardworktopreventthelegaldecisionfromemotiveinfluence
D.thatthedeathsentencewasbasedonreasonthroughsuppressingemotiveinfluence.
3.Regardstotheroleofangerinadjudication,whichstatementisincorrect?
A.Onlypartofthedecisionsisinfluencedbyanger,thoughitcanbringbiases.
B.Thoughmoraldecision-makingiscomplex,angercanbejustified.
C.Somedecisionsinfluencedbyangercanbemorallytainted
D.Becauseofanger,moraldecision-makingisquitecomplicated.
4.Thedecliningimportanceofcriminallawisaconsequenceof____________
A.thelossofimportanceofcriminallawandincreaseofinterestingovernmentasabenefitdispenser
B.theexaggerationoftheimportanceofcriminallawanddecreaseofinterestingovernmentaffairs
C.thenewtrendinlegalstudies
D.thenewideaspouringoutintheadministrativelawfield
5.Thereviewisprimarily______
A.dubiousB.objectiveC.partialD.critical
Passage2
InthemedievalEurope,thereweretwoparallelcourtsystems:
thechurchesandthekings.Thebigdifferencebetweenthemwasthatthechurchcourtsdidnotresorttocapitalpunishment.
Inanagewhenallfelonies(重罪)werecapitalcrimes,thechurchcourtwas,fromthedefendant’spointofview,considerablymoreattractive.
Althoughintheorythesecourtswerelimitedtoclergymen,inpracticeoneprovedclericalstatusbybeingabletoread.Andthisskillwasindulgentlytested.Onehadtoreadaverseofone’sownchoosingfromtheBible.Hence,theforesightedfelonmemorizedhisverse.Itassuredhimofwhatwasknownas“benefitofclergy.”
Thissystemnowseemsquaint.Buttodaycollegesanduniversitiesincreasinglytendtocircumventthecourtsandburyseriouscriminalcasesintheirownjudicialsystems.Forinstance,ayoungmanatMiamiUniversityinOxford,Ohio,isbeingallowedtograduatethisyeareventhoughhewasputon“studentconductprobation”afterhewasaccusedofsexuallyassaultinganeighteenyearsoldfreshmanwhowassleeping.
Collegeshavearighttoestablishjudicialcodestoassurecivilityintheclassroom,onthecampus,andinresidence.Buttheadministrationofthesecodesshouldnotgivecriminalssanctuaryfromthelaw.
Yetinmanycasesadministratorssuccessfullypressstudentsnottobringcriminalbehaviortotheattentionofthepoliceandinsteadusecampusdisciplinaryproceedingstojudgechargesofrape,arson,andassault.
Nocampuscourtcanimposeafineorimprisonanyoneforasingleday.Themostserioussanctionisexpulsion.Thepenaltyforcriminalassaultisoftennotmuchworsethanbeingtossedoutofaclub.
Collegejudicialsystemswereoriginallyintendedtodealwithinfractionthatwereneitherfeloniesnormisdemeanors,perhapsnoteventorts.Andmostdisciplinaryproceedingsdonothavethebasicsrequiredforafairtrial:
aprofessionalandindependentjudiciary,enforceablerulesofprocedure,andeffectiveandfairlyappliedsanctions.
Butthisisnotthemostseriousproblem.Onceagain,studentsarereceivingspecialtreatment.ThistreatmentwasthegreatscandaloftheVietnamWar:
Theabilitytogainentrytoandfinancecollegeprovideda“benefitofclergy”tomiddleclassyoungadultswhoavoidedthedraft.
Manyadministratorsrecoilfromtheideathattheyshouldoperateacollegecriminaljusticesystem.Onecanunderstandwhy.Outsideoflawschoolfaculties,fewacademicshaveaninterestinprosecution.
Thereis,ofcourse,asimplewayforadministrationtoavoidthisentanglement.Theycanreferallcriminalcasestotherealcriminaljusticesystem.Thisistheirobligation,notmerelyasadministrationbutascitizens.(Indeed,thereisanameforacitizenwhobecomesawareofacrimeanddoesnotreportit:
anaccessoryafterthefact.)
Students,predictably,donotlikethisidea.Butinmytwenty-fiveyearsasacollegepresident,Ihaveheardagainandagainthatstudentswishtobetreatedasadults.ButIhavealsoheardtheirrepeateddemandsthattheybeexemptedfromthelawsofBoston,ofMassachusetts,andoftheUnitedStates.
Thesetwodemandsarecontradictory.Legally,collegestudentsareadults.Thereis,ofcourse,adifferencebetweenlegaladulthoodandsubstantiveadulthood.Somepeopleachievesubstantiveadulthoodattwelve;
othersneverso.Butexceptfortheanomalyofthedrinkingage,everyonecanclaimlegaladulthoodateighteen.Andthatincludestheobligationtobeheldaccountableforcriminalbehaviornotinjuvenilecourtsorintheevenmorelenientcourtsoftheacademybutintheadultcourts.
Whencollegesanduniversitiesusurptheroleofthecourts,theydenyjusticetovictims.Buttheyalsodoaterriblewrongtoperpetrators,fortheydenythementranceintotheadultworldofresponsibleaction.Andinthistheyfailutterlyaneducator.
1.Theauthoropenshisessaybyinformingthereaderaboutthemedievalsystemofcriminaljustice,withwhichheaimsat____________
A.introducingthetwoparallelcourtsystemsinmedievalEurope
B.exposingthefactthatthemedievalsystemofcriminaljusticeexemptedclericsfromtheriskofpunishment
C.drawingaparallelbetweentheassumedunfairnessofthatmedievalpracticeandtheunfairstudentdisciplinaryprocedures.
D.makingametaphorofthecollegejudicialsystemandthecriminaljusticesystem.
2.Theauthorthinksthatexpulsionofcollegestudentsisoftennotmuchworsethanbeingtossedoutofaclub.Itimpliesthat___________
A.theso-calledmostserioussanctionisnotthecase.
B.thecollegejudicialsystemshouldhaveacampuscourtthatcanimposeafineorimprisonanyoneforasingleday.
C.mostclubshavethesameunfairjudicialsystemsasthecollegesdo.
D.Today’scollegestakedisciplinarypracticesbygivingadvantagestostudents.
3.Wecanconcludefromthetextthattheauthoris____________
A.afacultyinMiamiUniversityinOxford,Ohio.
B.thepresidentofBostonUnive
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