浙江大学考博英语文档格式.docx
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浙江大学考博英语文档格式.docx
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TheOlympicsofAncientGreece
Althoughrecordscannotverifygamesearlierthan776B.C.,thecontestsinHomer’sIliadindicateamuchearliercompetitivetradition.HeldinhonorofZeusinthecityofOlympiaforfourdayseveryfourthsummer,theOlympicgamesweretheoldestandmostprestigiousoffourgreatancientGreekathleticfestivals,whichalsoincludedthePythiangamesatDelphi,theIsthmianatCorinth,andtheNemeanatArgos(thePanathenaeaatAthenswasalsoimportant).TheOlympicsreachedtheirheightinthe5th–4thcent.B.C.;
thereaftertheybecamemoreandmoreprofessionalizeduntil,intheRomanperiod,theyprovokedmuchcensure.TheywereeventuallydiscontinuedbyEmperorTheodosiusIofRome,whocondemnedthemasapaganspectacle,attheendofthe4thcent.A.D.
AmongtheGreeks,thegameswerenationalisticinspirit;
statesweresaidtohavebeenprouderofOlympicvictoriesthanofbattleswon.Women,foreigners,slaves,anddishonoredpersonswereforbiddentocompete.Contestantswererequiredtotrainfaithfullyfor10monthsbeforethegames,hadtoremain30daysundertheeyesofofficialsinElis,whohadchargeofthegames,andhadtotakeanoaththattheyhadfulfilledthetrainingrequirementsbeforeparticipating.Atfirst,theOlympicgameswereconfinedtorunning,butovertimeneweventswereadded:
thelongrun(720B.C.),whentheloinclothwasabandonedandathletesbegancompetingnaked;
thepentathlon,whichcombinedrunning,thelongjump,wrestling,anddiscusandspearthrowing(708B.C.);
boxing(688B.C.);
chariotracing(680B.C.);
thepankration(648
B.C.),involvingboxingandwrestlingcontestsforboys(632B.C.);
andthefootracewitharmor
(580B.C.).
Greekwomen,forbiddennotonlytoparticipateinbutalsotowatchtheOlympicgames,heldgamesoftheirown,calledtheHeraea.ThosewerealsoheldeveryfouryearsbuthadfewereventsthantheOlympics.Knowntohavebeenconductedasearlyasthe6thcent.B.C.,theHeraeagameswerediscontinuedaboutthetimetheRomansconqueredGreece.Winningwasofprimeimportanceinbothmaleandfemalefestivals.ThewinnersoftheOlympics(andoftheHeraea)werecrownedwithchapletsofwildolive,andintheirhomecity-statesmalechampionswerealsoawardednumeroushonors,valuablegifts,andprivileges.
SectionⅡvocabulary(15marks,1markeach)
SectionⅢclozetest(20marks,1markeach)
Teachersneedtobeawareoftheemotional,intellectual,andphysicalchangesthatyoung
adultsexperience.Andtheyalsoneedtogiveserious21tohowtheycanbest22suchchanges.Growingbodiesneedmovementand23,butnotjustinwaysthatemphasizecompetition.24theyareadjustingtotheirnewbodiesandawholehostofnewintellectualandemotionalchallenges,
1
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46561978
Right-andleft-handtraffic
Right-handtraffic
andleft-handtraffic
meanregulationsrequiringalltraffictokeepeithertotheleftortherightsideoftheroad.Thisissofundamentaltotransportthatitissometimesreferredtoastheruleoftheroad.Thepurposeofthisbasicruleistofacilitatetrafficflowandreducethelikelihoodofhead-oncollisions.Thoughoriginallymosttrafficdroveontheleftworldwide,todayright-handtrafficprevails.About34%oftheworld'
speopleliveinleft-trafficcountriesand66%inright-trafficcountries;
roughly28%oftheworld'
stotalroaddistancecarriestrafficontheleft,and72%ontheright.
Infact,some(e.g.C.NorthcoteParkinson)believethatancienttravellersonhorsebackgenerallyrodeontheleftsideoftheroad.Asmorepeopleareright-handed,horsemen
wouldthusbeabletoholdthereinswiththeirlefthandsandkeeptheirrighthandfree—toofferinfriendshiptopassingridersortodefendthemselveswithswords,ifnecessary.
Inthelate1700s,ashiftfromlefttorighttookplaceincountriessuchastheUnitedStates,whenteamsters
startedusinglargefreightwagons
pulledbyseveralpairsofhorses.Thewagonshadnodriver’sseat,soapostilion
satontheleftrearhorseandheldhiswhipinhisrighthand.Seatedontheleft,thedrivernaturallypreferredthatotherwagonspasshimontheleftsothathecouldbesuretokeepclearofthewheelsofoncomingwagons.Hedidthatbydrivingontherightsideoftheroad.
汽油
Gasoline,thoughwidelyusedinmanyapplicationstoday,isdestinedtobecomeafuelofthepastbecausepetroleumisanonrenewableresource.Currenttechnologycentersonmakingthemostoftheremainingpetroleumreservoirsandexploringalternativeenergysources.Newmethodstoaccuratelydeterminetheextentofoilreservoirs,automatedsystemstocontroloilrecovery,andwaysofenablingworkerstorecovermoreoilfromknownreservoirsareallbeinginvestigatedtofullyutilizetheoilstoresavailabletoday.
Thenewestmethodsinoilfieldexplorationmeasurethephysicalsizeofthereservoiranditsvolumeofoil.Frequently,thepressureinsidethewellismeasuredoveraperiodoftimeastheoilisrecovered.Usingthisdata,scientistscandeterminethesizeofthereservoiranditspermeability.Anechometer,whichbouncessoundwavesoffthesidesofthereservoir,canalsobeusedtodiscoverthewell'
scharacteristics.
Modernoilrecoverymethodsaremostoftencontrolled,atleastinpart,bycomputerizedsystems.Thesesystemsincreaseefficiency,helppreventmishapsthatcouldharmtheenvironment,andreducethenumberoflaborerswithincreasedsafety.
Enhancedoilrecoverymethodsincreasethepercentageofoilthatcanbeobtainedfromareservoir.Becausegasolineisproducedfromalimitedsupplyofpetroleum,scientistsarelookingforclean,renewablesourcesofenergytopowermachinesofthefuture.Steampower,usedinthesteamboatsofthepast,isanenergysourcethatisreceivingrenewedattention.Electricvehicleshavebeendeveloped,andsolarandwindenergiesarealsopoweringcarsandhomes
人民币升值
TheimpactofRMBappreciation
Asthecomprehensivestrengthofthenationaleconomygrows,theChinesecurrency,theRenminbi(RMB)begantoappreciate
.EffectsoftheRMB'
sappreciationsinceJulyhavebeenfeltbothdomesticallyandabroad,andwillbecomeevenmoresignificantwithtime.Chinashouldembracethenewopportunitiesthatappreciationhasopened-upandallowmoreroomforthenationaleconomytogrowintheprocessofglobalization.
PeopleneedtobeawarethattheappreciationoftheRMBmayhavesomelessdesirableeffectsoneconomicgrowthintheshortterm.Currently,China'
sexportmarketstillreliesheavilyoncheaplabortocompeteintheinternationalmarket.Asitsaddedvalueislow,theappreciationoftheRMBwillaffectChina'
sexportandconsequentlytheoverallgrowthrateofthenationaleconomy.However,therearealsomanypositiveaspectstotheappreciationoftheRMB.Inthelongrun,RMBappreciationwillgeneratemoredevelopmentopportunities.Peoplewillfeelricher,itwillimproveChina'
sstatusandinfluenceintheworldeconomyanditwillchangethecommoditystructureandtheflowofinvestment.Itwillalsohaveasignificantinfluenceonthestructureofdomesticproductionresources.
RMBappreciationreflectsthesuccessofChineseeconomicdevelopmentafterreformandopeningup.ItisalsoanimportantturningpointinChina'
ssocialandeconomicsituation.ThedownsidestoRMBappreciationshouldn'
tbeoveremphasized.ThefluctuationoftheRMBistheresultofchangestothecurrenteconomicstructureandwillhaveanimportantimpactontheeconomicstructureofthefuture.Maintainingthestatusquoisshort-sightedandwillharmthelong-terminterestsofChina.ThebestchoiceistospeedupthetransformationoftheeconomicgrowthmodeandadapttotheappreciationofRMBtomakethemostfromtheprocess
teenagersareespeciallyself-consciousandneedthe25thatcomesfromachievingsuccessand
knowingthattheiraccomplishmentsare26byothers.However,thetypicalteenagelifestyleisalreadyfilledwithsomuchcompetitionthatitwouldbe27toplanactivitiesinwhichtherearemorewinnersthanlosers,28,publishingnewsletterswithmanystudent-writtenbookreviews,29studentartwork,andsponsoringbookdiscussionclubs.Avarietyofsmallclubscanprovide30opportunitiesforleadership,aswellasforpracticeinsuccessful31dynamics.Makingfriendsisextremelyimportanttoteenagers,andmanyshystudentsneedthe32ofsomekindoforganizationwithasupportiveadult33visibleinthebackground.
Intheseactivities,itisimportanttorememberthattheyoungteenshave34attentionspans.Avarietyofactivitiesshouldbeorganized35participantscanremainactiveaslongastheywantandthengoonto36elsewithoutfeelingguiltyandwithoutlettingtheotherparticipants37.Thisdoesnotmeanthatadultsmustacceptirresponsibility.38theycanhelpstudentsacquireasenseofcommitmentby39forrolesthatarewithintheir40andtheirattentionspansandbyshavingclearlystatedrules.
36.[A]thought[B]idea[C]opinion[D]advice
37.[A]strengthen[B]accommodate[C]stimulate[D]enhance
38.[A]care[B]nutrition[C]exercise[D]leisure
39.[A]If[B]Although[C]Whereas[D]Because
40.[A]assistance[B]guidance[C]confidence[D]tolerance
41.[A]claimed[B]admired[C]ignored[D]surpassed
42.[A]improper[B]risky[C]fair[D]wise
43.[A]ineffect[B]asaresult[C]forexample[D]inas
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