英语专业英语国家概况的文字材料0414文档格式.docx
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英语专业英语国家概况的文字材料0414文档格式.docx
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Monarchy,GovernmentandEconomy
SocialWelfare,Family&
Life,EducationandHolidays
PartTwo:
TheUnitedStates
History
FederalGovernment
Economy
Education,FamilyandHolidays
PartThree:
Canada
GovernmentandEconomy
Education
PartFour:
Australia
PartFive:
NewZealand
GovernmentandEconomy,
EducationTheredcross:
England(StGeorge'
sCross)
Thewhitesaltier(Xshapedcross):
NorthernScotland(St.Andrew'
sCross)
Theredsaltier:
NorthernIreland(SaintPatrick'
TheNationalAnthem:
“GodSavetheQueen”
NationalAnthem
GodsaveourgraciousQueen!
LongliveournobleQueen!
GodsavetheQueen!
Sendhervictorious,
Happyandglorious,
Longtoreignoverus,
GodsavetheQueen.
Thychoicestgiftsinstore
Onherbepleasedtopour,
Longmayshereign.
Mayshedefendourlaws,
Andgiveusevercause,
Tosingwithheartandvoice,
Namesofthiscountry
England
Britain
GreatBritain
UK
TheUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIreland
Thetotalterritory:
244,820squarekilometers
Land:
241,590sqkm
Water:
3,230sqkm
GreatBritain:
223,000squarekilometers
Population:
59.6million(July2001)
MapofUK
NorthwestoftheEuropean
ContinentacrosstheEnglishChannel,thenarrowestpartcalledStraitofDover
Consistingoffourmajorparts
England
48.7million(UKtotal59.6m)
Area:
130,423sqkm(UKtotal244,820)
Highlyunbanized(80%)
London:
centersofgovernment,financeandculture
Ahistoryofinvasion:
Celtic,RomanEmpire,Anglo-Saxon,Vikings,Normans
ScotlandThemostruggedpartoftheUK
NotconqueredbyRomans
invadedbyScotsfromnorthernIrelandduringAnglo-Saxoninvasion
1298gainingindependence(300years)
1603,afterthedeathofElizabethⅠ,JamesthesixthofScotlandsucceedingher
1707joiningtheUnion
Wales
Coalmining
InvadedbytheRomansbutnottheAnglo-Saxons
Stonecastles
1536subjectingtoUK
NorthernIreland
ProtestantsandRomanCatholics
FromQueenElizabethⅠ(1590),newsettlersinIreland
GuerrillaorterroristactivitiesagainstBritishrulinginIreland
ProtestantsinNorthernIreland
In1921,6outof32countiesseparatedfromthecountriestoformNorthernIreland
PrincipalCities:
TheCityofLondon,InnerLondonandOuterLondontoitseastisEastEnd(poor)WestisWestEnd(prosperous),diversified,LondonSmogin1952
Edinburgh:
thecapitalofScotland(oneoftheimportantfinancialandtransportationcentersinBritain)
Cardiff:
thecapitalofWales(centerofironandsteelindustryinBritain
Belfast:
thecapitalofNorthernIreland(mostlyindustries)
Othercities:
Birmingham,Glasgow(thelargestcityinScotland),Liverpool(ports),Manchester(oldcity),Plymouth
Topography
HighlandZone(northandwest)
HighlandsofScotland:
BenNevis(本尼维斯山)(thehighestmountainof1,343metershigh,oneoftheleastpopulatedareas
theCentralLowlandsofScotland:
valleyareasrichincoalfieldswithlargepopulation
TheSouthernUplandsinScotland:
abundantwithmoorlandandwoodland
ThePennines(奔宁山脉):
the“BackboneofEngland”
TheLakeDistrictofCumbria(onthewestsideofthePennines:
themostspectacularview,famousforitsLakePoets(湖畔诗人)(poetssuchasWordsworth)whogottheirinspirationfromitsbeautifulscenery.
TheWelshMassif(hills):
richincoaldeposits
TheLowlandZone
TheMidlandsofEngland:
inEngland
ThePlainofLancastria:
betweenthePenninesandtheIrishSea
TheNorthEasternLowlands:
easternsideofthePennines
Thesethreeplainsofrichsoilsuitableforagriculture
RiversThelongestriver:
RiverSevern(355km)
Themostimportantriver:
Thames(332km)flowingthroughLondonbeforeemptingintotheNorthSea
ClydeRiverinScotlandonwhichisaship-buildingcenter---Glasgow.
Climate
Afrequentlytalkedandthemostsafesttopic
Comparativelywarmerinwinterandcoolerinsummer
Northerntemperatezone/maritimetypeofclimate
Thehottestmonths:
JunetoAugust(20to32℃)
Thecoldestmonths:
DecembertoFebruary
Plentyofrainfallandfog
Changeableandunpredictableweather
climate-relatedcharacters
CharactersofBritishpeople
Indirectcommunication
Formality
"
Nocomplaints"
&
patient
Friendly
Polite&
quiet"
Conservatism
Origins
DecedentsoftheAnglo-SaxonsandJutes(Germanicpeople):
tall,havingblondhairandblueeyesliveinEngland
MostpeopleinWalesandScotlandaredecedentsoftheCelticpeople
PopulationDistribution
Over80%inEnglandamong60
millionpeopleinBritain
Over5millioninScotland
Over3millioninWales
Over1.7millioninScotland
EnglishLanguage
Indo-Europeanlanguagefamily
Itsdevelopment
---OldEnglish:
originatedinGermaniclanguage(Anglo-Saxons,NorthEurope,450-1150)differentfrommodernEnglishinphonology,morphologyandsyntax(be,strongandwaterderivedfromoldEnglish)
MiddleEnglish:
afterNormanconquest(1150-1450)(theEnglishvocabulary:
manyFrenchwords,aswellasLatin,Greekandwords)(CanterburyTalebyGeoffreyChaucer)
ModernEnglish(1476-):
thankedtotheprintingpresstoEnglandin1476,mostbookswereprintedinLondonandwerewrittenintheLondondialect
Itcanbesubdividedinto
EarlyModernEnglish(1450-1650),i.e.thelanguageofShakespeare,
AuthoritarianEnglish(1650-1800),
MatureModernEnglish(1800-1920)
LateModernEnglish(1920-present),thelanguagewelearntoday.
VarietiesofEnglish
history
AmericanEnglish,AustralianEnglish,NewZealandEnglish,CanadianEnglish,SouthAfricanEnglish,IndianEnglishandCaribbeanEnglish.
OtherEnglishes
TheoriginsofaNation
BeginningofParliamentandDeclineofFeudalism
TheTudorMonarchyandtheRisingBourgeoisie
TheEnglishBourgeoisRevolutionandtheindustrialRevolution
TheRiseandFalloftheBritishEmpire
3000-2000BCIberians
earliestsettlers
dark-haired
nomadicStoneAgehunters
usersofflint
nowrittenrecords
stonemonuments(Stonehenge)
700BCCelts=Britons
nativesofthiscountry
fromtheUpperRhineland(France,BelgiumandsouthernGermany)
fair-hairedCelts
TreatingIberiansasslaves
AncestorsofthehighlandScots,theIrishandWelshpeople
KingArthur
RomanConquest
(55BCand54BCto410AD)
InvadedbyJuliusCaesarin55BCand54BCandleft,conqueredbyClaudiusin43AD.
Reasonsforinvasion:
--OnceCeltsofferedFrancetheirhelp,Romanswantedtoteachthemalesson
--Romanwantedtoenlargetheirterritoryandenrichedtheirpockets
Influence
LatinalphabetwithCaesar’sdiary
Civilization:
buildingroads,Romantemples,baths,andtheatersandChristianity
limitedinfluencesonBritain:
nointermarriageandnoequality
Mainreasonforleaving
InA.D.410,theRomanEmpiredeclining,alltheRomantroopsbacktothecontinenttojointhecivilwarthereandneverreturning
446-871ADAnglo-SaxonBritain
Heptarchy
Jutes(southernDenmark)
InvitedbyCeltstohelpBritishkingofKenttodriveoutPicts(Ireland)andScots(Scotland),wonthewarandgainedthekingdom
Saxons(northernGermany)
Usersoftheshort-sword,establishedtheirkingdominEssex,SussexandWessex
Angles(northernGermany)
OwnEastAnglia,Merica,Northumbia,gavethenameandlanguagetothecountry
Religion:
formerly,worshippersofnaturalforces.AttractedbybeautifulboyssoldinRome,inA.D.597thePopesentAugustinetoconvertpeoplethere.
KingofWessex:
AlfredtheGreatknownas“FatheroftheBritishNavy”
DanishInvasion(A.D.78)
Inthelate8thcenturytheDanes(VikingsfromtheScandinaviancountries:
Sweden,Norway,DenmarkandIceIsland)
SettlingintheeasternhalfoftheislandandturnedtheirattentiontoWessex
KingAlfredoffering7yearsofresistance.In878,apeacetreatysignedbetweentheDanesandAlfred
theeasternhalfoftheislandgiventotheDanish(theDanelaw),withAlfredstilltheking.From1017to1042EnglandwasruledbyDanishKings
Contributions:
somedialectsandwords:
sky,they,their,them,bank,gap,gate,guess,kid,knife,leg,ugly,andwrong
Unitof12:
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- 关 键 词:
- 英语专业 英语 国家 概况 文字 材料 0414