Integrated Water Resources ManagementWord格式.docx
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Integrated Water Resources ManagementWord格式.docx
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∙14-16November–AdelaideConventionCentre,
NorthTerrace,Adelaide,SouthAustralia
∙17-18November–Barmera,SouthAustralia
SESSION4
IntegratedWaterResourcesManagement
UsinganIntegratedWaterUseandSupplyPlanningModeltoInform
DecisionMakersontheImpactsofClimateChangeandVariability
onIrrigatedAgricultureinCanada'
sSouthSaskatchewanRiverBasin
AtefKassem,TerenceMcRaeandMauriceSydor
EnvironmentCanada
InformationontheWorkshopisaccessiblethoughtheOECDPasswordProtectedwebsiteat:
http:
//www.oecd.org/agr/envSeeunder“What’snew”thenclickonOECDWorkshoponAgricultureandWaterandLoginunder:
waterandPassword:
australia
OECDWorkshopon
AgricultureandWater:
Sustainability,MarketsandPolicies
Adelaide,Australia,November14-18,2005
UsinganIntegratedWaterUseandSupplyPlanningModeltoInformDecision-MakersontheImpactsofClimateChangeandVariabilityonIrrigatedAgricultureinCanada’sSouthSaskatchewanRiverBasin
WatershedManagementandGovernanceBranch
EnvironmentCanada,Ottawa,Ontario,Canada
Abstract
Canada’sfreshwatersmakeimportantcontributionstotheNation’ssocial,economicandecologicalwelfare,thusthesustainabledevelopmentofthisresourceisimportanttoallCanadians,includingtheagriculturesector.Whilerelativelyabundant,freshwaterresourcesarenotalways,fromtheperspectiveofhumanuse,attherightplaceattherighttimeandintherightform.Canadafacesmanywatermanagementchallenges,fallingbroadlyintotheareasofwaterquality,waterquantity,supply,useandhazards.Increasingly,governmentpolicyatthenationalandsub-nationallevelsisstrivingtoadoptamoreintegratedapproach–formallyknownasIntegratedWaterResourceManagement(IWRM)–toaddresswaterissuesandoptimizethecontributionofaquaticresourcestooverallwelfare.SuccessfulimplementationofIRWMrequiresadherencetokeyprinciplesandanenablingenvironmentbasedoneffectivegovernance,therightmixofinstrumentsandtools,soundscienceandrelevantinformationfordecision-making.Fromanagriculturalperspective,sustainablewatermanagementisparticularlyimportantintheSouthSaskatchewanRiverbasin,asemi-aridregionofCanadainwhichmuchofthecountry’sagriculturallandislocated.Decision-makersmustallocatewateracrossmultiplejurisdictionsanduserstomeetcurrentdemands,andtheyareincreasinglybeingchallengedtobetteranticipateandunderstandemergingpressuresonwaterresources,includingtheimpactsofclimatechange.
ThispaperintroducesgeneralinformationonCanadianwaterissues,managementandpolicy,thenpresentsinterimresultsofongoingworkbyEnvironmentCanada,incollaborationwithpartners,tomodelthepotentialimpactsofclimatechangeontheoverallwaterbudgetoftheSouthSaskatchewanRiverbasin,withparticularattentiongiventoirrigatedagriculture.Themodellingapproachisdescribed,interimresultsarepresented,andimplicationstowatermanagementandpolicyinthebasinarediscussed.ThepaperconcludeswithsomeobservationsaboutlessonslearnedfromthisworktodateandhowsuchintegratedassessmentscanbeusedtoadvanceIRWMinthefuture.
Keywords:
SouthSaskatchewanRiverBasin,climatechange,IWRM,WUAM,wateruseforecasting,irrigation.
Introduction
Canada’swaterresources
Canadaisalargecountry,occupying7percentoftheEarth’slandmassandaccountingfor7percentofitsrenewablesupplyoffreshwater.AlthoughCanada’swaterresourcesareconsiderable,theyarenotalways—fromtheperspectiveofhumanuse—intherightplaceattherighttimeandintherightform.Muchofourwaterwealthislockedupasiceordeepunderground,andtherestisunevenlydistributedthroughoutthecountry.WhereassomepartsofCanadareceivemoderatelyheavyrainfallandaresubjecttoflooding,othersaresemiaridandsusceptibletodrought.Forexample,Canada’sAtlanticandPacificcoastalareasreceivebetween1100and1400millimetresofprecipitationeachyear,whilethesouthernportionsofCanada’sPrairieProvincesreceivelessthan50millimetresperyear.
Canada’smajorwaterissuesarebroadlythesameasanywhereintheworld—fallingintotheareasofwaterquality,waterquantity,supply,use,andhazards.Threatstowaterqualitystemfromsewage,industrialwaste,andagriculturalandurbanrunoff,whichhaveimportantimplicationsforbothecosystemandhumanhealth.Intermsofquantity,pressuresonthewaterresourcesaregrowing,andwaterscarcityisarealissueinsomeregionsofthecountry.Withmultipleusesofwaterthroughoutthecountry,thepotentialexistsforconflictbetweencompetingusers,includingagriculture,electricpowergeneration,primaryresourceindustries,manufacturing,municipalities,andrecreationalusers.FloodsanddroughtsaretwoofCanada’scostliestnaturaldisasters.
BecauseCanadaisafederation,itisessentialthatalljurisdictionscollaboratetoaddresswaterissuesandchallenges.AllofCanada’s14jurisdictionalauthoritieshaveresponsibilitiesforwaterandwatershedsthatcrossjurisdictionalboundaries.Primaryresponsibilityforthemanagementandprotectionofwaterqualityfallstotheprovincialandterritorialgovernments,andthey,inturn,maydelegatecertainauthoritiestomunicipalities,includingthetreatmentanddistributionofdrinkingwaterandthetreatmentofwastewater.Thefederalgovernmentalsoplaysasignificantroleinprotectingwaterbycollectinganddistributingwaterandclimaticinformation,regulatingtoxicsubstances,conductingwaterqualityresearch,andpromotingpollutionprevention.Federaljurisdictionextendstotheconservationandprotectionofoceansandtheirresources,fisheriesandfishhabitat,navigationandshipping,internationalandinterprovincialwaters,andfederalfacilitiesandlands,includingtheterritories.
Climatechangeandwaterresources
Mostgovernmentwaterresourcespoliciesandprograms,includingCanada’s,weredevelopedunderthehypothesisofastaticenvironment,i.e.,assumingthatpastclimatewillberepeatedinthefuture.Withclimatechange,manycurrentpoliciesandprogramswillneedtobere-evaluated.Thiswillrequirenewapproachestoenhanceourunderstandingoftheimpactsthatclimatechangewillhaveonwaterdemands,watersupplies,waterqualityandtheaquaticsystem.WhileclimatewarmingcouldbringsomebenefitsforCanada,suchaslongergrowingseasonsforagriculture,itpresentsmanychallenges,includingthepossibilityofreducedwatersuppliesandincreaseddemands.
Thereisagreatdealofuncertaintyastothenature,magnitudeandrateofclimatechange,aswellasthepotentialimpactsonthesocio-economicsystemandtheenvironment.Giventhisuncertainty,theGovernmentofCanada’sClimateChangeImpactsandAdaptationProgramhighlightedtheneedtodeveloppracticaltoolstoimproveourknowledgeofvulnerabilitytoclimatechange,toadoptapproachesthataddressclimatechangeinariskmanagementcontextinordertobetterassesstherisksandbenefitsposedbyachangingclimateandthewaysthatexistingpolicies,programmes,andsocio-economiccircumstancesservetoreduce(orexacerbate)vulnerabilitytoclimatechange;
and,ultimately,tobuildthefoundationuponwhichappropriatedecisionsaboutadaptationcanbemade.
Integratedwaterresourcesmanagement
AsCanada’spopulationexpandsandthepressuresonthewaterresourcesgrow,theneedforanintegratedapproachtomanagingtheseresourcesisbeingincreasinglyrecognizedwithinandacrossfederal,provincial,andterritorialjurisdictions.IntegratedWaterResourcesManagement(IWRM)isviewedasamultidisciplinaryanditerativeprocessthatseekstooptimizethecontributionofaquaticresourcestothesocial,environmental,andeconomicwelfareofCanadians,whilemaintainingtheintegrityofaquaticecosystems,bothnowandintothefuture.ResourcemanagersinCanadahavecometorecognizethattheintegrationonwhichthisapproachdependshappensatmanylevels.Globally,manyprincipleshavebeendeemedimportanttoachievingIWRM,andthesearebeingusedtohelpguidethedesignandapplicationofIWRMapproachesinCanada(seeTable1).
Table1-KeyPrinciplesGuidingOutcomesforIWRMinCanada
GuidingPrinciples
TheDesiredEnablingEnvironment
Governance
Recognitionofthevalueofwatertoenvironment,economy,andsociety
Marketandnon-marketvaluesforaquaticresources
Stakeholderrepresentation,support,andinvolvement
Inclusiveandtransparentgovernanceandcoordinationmechanisms(boards,authorities)
Instrumentsandtools
Reflectiononrelationshipwithlanduse,otherenvironmentalissues,andecosystemlinkages
Integratedpolicies,programs,andwatermanagementplansthataddressmultipleissuesandtheirlinkages
Integratedmodelsfortrade-offandoptimizationanalysis
Definingtherightbalanceofactionsforeffectiveimplementation
Designanddeploymentofamixofmeasures(voluntary,regulatory,andmarket-basedinstruments)
Science
Clearfocusandorientationtowardresultsandevidence-baseddecision-making
Measurableoutcomes,goalsandtargets
Basisinscientificprinciples,sustainablemanagement,andprecautionaryapproaches
Soundscientificandeconomicdataandinformation
Information
Realisticperformanceevaluationandcontinuousimprovement
Monitoring,assessment,reportingfeedbacksystems
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- 关 键 词:
- Integrated Water Resources Management