GMAT曼哈顿语法总结必胜最终版717文档格式.docx
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GMAT曼哈顿语法总结必胜最终版717文档格式.docx
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certain
May:
uncertain
Must:
absolutelynecessary
Should:
morallyobligated(ontheGMAT,shouldalmostalwaysmeans“morallyobligation”,notlikelihood)
Would:
hypothetical
Payattentiontotheoriginalsentence’shelpingverbs—andonlychangethemiftheoriginalsentenceisobviouslynonsensical.
句子中任何一个词的位置的变化也会改变句子的含义:
Allthechildrenarecoveredinmud.
Thechildrenareallcoveredinmud.
OnlythecouncilvotesonThursdays.
ThecouncilvotesonlyonThursdays.
Ifawordchangesitspositionintheanswerchoices,considerwhetherthechangehasanimpactonthemeaningofthesentence.Lookoutespeciallyforshortwordsthatquantifynounsorotherwiserestrictmeaning
Thecouncilgrantedtherighttomakelegalpetitionstocityofficials.(有歧义,改成:
ThecouncilgrantedCITYOFFICIALStherighttomakelegalpetitions.OrTherighttomakelegalpetitionstoCITYOFFICIALSwasgrantedbythecouncil.
句子含义一定要合乎逻辑(wemustrememberthatthesubjectandtheverbmustmakesensetogether)
句子含义:
避免多余(norightanswerontheGMATwillcontainredundantwords)
比较常见的多余的形式是使用同一含义的词,比如:
Thevalueofthestockroseby10%increase.
应改为:
Thevalueofthestockincreaseby10%,orthevalueofthestockroseby10%.
再如:
Thethreepricessumtoatotalof$11.56
Thethreepricessumto$11.56.OrThethreepricestotal$11.56
表示时间的词汇:
要注意一句话中只能出现一次表示同一含义的词,如果还要出现,则必须要有道理才行。
(PureredundancyisalwayswrongontheGMAT)
Past:
previously,formerly,inthepast,beforenow
Present:
now,currently,presently,atpresent
Yearly:
annualeachyear,ayear
简洁原则:
ConcisionispreferenceonSCproblems.However,somepeoplearebetteroffneverapplyingitontheGMAT)
自己总结:
从逻辑找句义,从语法判断句子是否正确书写,简洁原则是最后关注的),一切都服从句义。
Problemset
1.Howmatterhowmuchworkitmayrequire,gettingMBAturnsoutto
beawiseinvestmentformostpeople(correct,但是不太明白那个it代表什么)
2.Eventhoughitrequiresmuchwork,gettingMBAturnsouttobea
wiseinvestmentformostpeople(incorrect,因为它改变了句子的原意)
3.Sheisthemostdedicatedgardenerontheblock,everydaywatering
themorethan50plantsinheryard.(correct,morethan修饰50plantsinheryard)
4.Sheisthemostdedicatedgardenerontheblock,everydaywatering
morethanthe50plantsinheryard.(incorrect,morethan修饰the50plantsinheryard,隐含的意思是除了给50浇水之外,还给其他东西浇水,改变了句子的含义)
5.HectorremembersSanFranciscoasitwaswhenhelefttenyears
ago.(correct,不太明白这句话的含义)
6.StudentsatCarverHighSchoolareencouragedtopursueonlythoseextracurricularactivitiesfromwhichstemssuccessincollegeapplications.(correct,个人认为是倒装,详细见第三章的flipit)
7.StudentsatCarverHighSchoolareencouragedtopursueonlythoseextracurricularactivitiesfromwhichsuccessincollegeapplicationsstems.(correct,flipit)
第三章主语和谓语的一致
任何一个句子里,主语和谓语必须在逻辑上和语义上都是makesense的
一、一个句子中主语和谓语必须都有,否则为fragment:
GMAT错误句子常见方式:
1.droptheverbs:
Theelectronnamedin1894.
2.连词开头且没有主句:
becausethedogwasnevermine
二、主语和谓语必须合理makesense
Thedevelopmentofahydrogencarbasedonexpectedperformanceparameterswillbeabletotravelhundredsofmileswithoutrefueling.(incorrect)
Oncedeveloped,ahydrogencarbasedonexpectedperformanceparameterswillbeabletotravelhundredsofmileswithoutrefueling.(correct)
三、主语和谓语必须在数量上一致
GMAToftentriestoconfuseyoubeforeyoumakethesubject-verbmatch.
如何找句子中的主语呢:
1.eliminatethemiddlemen,andskipthewarmup
GMAThidesthesubjectinafewways:
themostcommonwaybyfaristoinsertwordsbetweenthesubjectandtheverb:
介词短语:
(NearGalway),thehouses(ontheroadtoSpiddle)aregorgeous.
从句:
(likeprepositionsphrases,manysubordinateclausesmodifyotherpartsofthesentence,actingasbigadjorbigadv.Somesubordinateclausesevenactasbignouns)
(Whentheauditorsleft),theexecutive(whohadbeeninterviewed)wasglad.
其他修饰语:
例如现在分词,过去分词等修饰语,往往利用逗号可以很好的找到修饰语。
(Limping,)thehorse(onceconsideredoneofthefavorites)wastakenaway.
2.利用结构来判断主语
Anouninaprepositionalphrasecannotbethesubjectofthesentence.(后文有例外)
Inthewaningdaysoftheemperor’slife,theconquest(ofnewlandsonthebordersoftheempire)wasconsideredvital.
Thetidalforces(towhichanobjectfallingintoablackholeissubjected)aresufficienttoteartheobjectapart.
3.Andvs.Additivephrases
只有AND改变主语的复数形式,其他表示“和”的词语都只是修饰,可以省略看待。
Additivephrases:
alongwith,inadditionto…,aswellas…,accompaniedby…,togetherwith…,including…
Onlythewordandcanchangeasingularsubjectintoapluralone.Singularsubjectsfollowedbyadditivephrasesremainsingularsubjects.
Example:
Joe,aswellashisfriends,isgoingtothebeach.
Mathematics,inadditiontohistoryandsciences,isarequiredsubject.
表示“学科、疾病、一些活动(如杂技)”等词都是单数形式。
Rules:
(1)Or,either…or,neither…nor:
就近原则
Neitherthecoachnortheplayersaregoingtothebeach.
Neithertheplayersnorthecoachisgoingtothebeach.
(2)Either,neither…:
总是单数
(3)集合名词:
总是单数:
Agency,army,audience,class,committee,crowd,orchestra,team,baggage,citrus,equipment,fleet,fruit,furniture…
(例外:
如果句义强调集合名词中的个体,则使用复数,但是本考试中,结合名词一般是单数的含义)
Thecrowdinthestandsischeeringloudlyasthehometeamtakesthefield.
OurArmyofahundredthousandsoldiersisattackingtheenemy.
(4)不定代词:
Anyone,anybody,anything,noone,nobody,nothing,each,every,someone,somebody,something,everyone,everybody,everything,whatever,whoever,either,neither(单独使用)
例外:
someof,anyof,noneof,allof,moreof,mostof…
谓语动词视后面的名词而定。
(sanamof…的主语是后面的名词)
Someofthemoneywasstolenfrommywallet
Someofthedocumentswerestolenfromthebank
Anyofthesewomenisasuitablecandidateformarriagetomyson.
Notoneofmyfriendsisherethisweekend.
(5)each,every:
总是单数
Everydoghaspaws.
Everydogandcathaspaws.
Eachoftheseshirtsispretty.
注意:
Theyeacharegreattennisplayers.Each是插入语,可以省略。
(6)数量词和短语
Thenumberof…is(单数,主语是thenumber)
Anumberof…are(复数,主语是复数)
表述数量的词,如:
half,majority,minority,plurality谓语动词的形式看其前面的名词是复数还是单数。
(原则同sanam+of短语)
Halfofthepieisblueberry,andhalfoftheslicesarealreadygone.
Themajorityofthestudentsinthisclassarehardworkers.
IntheSenate,themajorityhascoalescedintoaunifiedvotingblock.
(7)主语从句和短语:
谓语动词总是单数
Havinggoodfriendsisawonderfulthing.
Whatevertheywanttodoisfinewithme.
3.flipit倒装句的谓语动词总是看其真正的主语,跟主语的数的形式一致
NearthosebuildingssitsaLonelyhouse,inhabitedbysquatters.
Thereareayoungmanandanolderwomenatthebusstop.
Pongisaclassicgamefromwhichhavedescendedmanycurrentcomputerpastimes.
Problemsset
Computergamesdesignedtoinvolvemanyplayersatoncehaveproliferated;
suchgameswerefirstdevelopedbeforethewidespreadavailabilityofhigh-speedinternetconnection.(correct,主语和谓语逻辑合理)
第四章平行结构
Gmat中考得最多的知识点就是平行结构
一、平行结构的指示词
Makers
structures
Examples
and
XandY
X,y,andz
Applesandpears
Apples,pearsandbanans
Both/and
Bothxandy
Bothapplesandpears
or
Xory
Either/or
Eitherxory
Eitherapplesorpears
Not/but
Notxbuty
Notapplesbutpears
Notonly/butalso
Notonlyxbutalsoy
Notonlyapplesbutalsopears
Ratherthan
Xratherthany
Applesratherthanpears
From/to
Fromxtoy
Fromapplestopears
最主要的平行指示词是and,but,or,然而不要拘泥于这样的结构,anyconstructionthatexpressestwoorthreethingsinthesamewayrequiresparallelism.
二、哪些东西可以平行呢?
名词、形容词、动词、不定式、分词、介词短语、从句
Thedivisionwasopeningoffices,hiringstaff,andinvestinginequipment.
Therailroadcaneitherlosemoremoneyorsolvesitsproblems.
Theywantedtoincreaseawareness,sparkinterest,andmotivatepurchases.
IwanttoretiretoaplacewhereIcanrelaxandwhereIpaylowtaxes.
TherearemanypeoplewhospeakEnglishbutwhoseparentsdonot.
Ralphlikesboththosewhoarepopularandthosewhoarenot.
三、and的用法
list
Apples,pears,andbananas
X,y,z,andw
Apples,pears,bananas,andpeaches
在所列事务中最后一个前面必须加AND,如果是2个从句,则两句话中间可以在AND前加逗号,也可以不加。
Ifyoujoin2clauseswithand,youcanputanoptionalcommabeforetheand.(如果句子很长,且独立,则需要加逗号)
Ireallylikecandyapples,andIeatthemoften.
Shearguesthattheagencyactswithrecklessabandonandwithdisregardforhumanlifeandproperty,andthatitshouldthereforebeshutdown.
四、其他类型的平行结构指示词
Xactsasy
Distinguishxfromy
Xisthesameasy
Asx,soy
Estimatextobey
Xisgood,andsotooisy
Betweenxandy
Xinsteadofy
X,suchasy
Comparedtox,y
Xisknowntobey
Thinkofxasy
Considerxy
Xislessthany
Xisthoughttobey
Incontracttox,y
Makexy
Viewxasy
Declarexy
Mistakexfory
Whetherxory
Xdevelopsintoy
Notonlyx,butalsoy
Thecommaisoptional
Xdiffersfromy
Regardxasy
五、表明的平行结构与真实的平行结构
虽然在表面上看是从平行结构的指示词中看出是平行结构,但是实际上,是从句子的句义中看出是不是平行结构的,也就是说虽然句子有平行结构的指示词,但实际上也许不是平行结构,所以一定要从句义着手判断。
Salappliedhimselfinhisnewjob,arrivingearlyeveryday,skip
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