环境工程文献翻译原文Word格式.docx
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环境工程文献翻译原文Word格式.docx
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InstituteofFoodChemistry,TechnicalUniuersityofBerlin,Sekr.TIB4/3-1,Gustau-Meyer-Allee25,13355Berlin,Germany
Received21January2002;
receivedinrevisedform24January2002;
accepted25January2002
Abstract
Theoccurrenceandfateofpharmaceuticallyactivecompounds(PhACs)intheaquaticenvironmenthasbeenrecognizedasoneoftheemergingissuesinenvironmentalchemistry.InsomeinvestigationscarriedoutinAustria,Brazil,Canada,Croatia,England,Germany,Greece,Italy,Spain,Switzerland,TheNetherlands,andtheU.S.,morethan80compounds,pharmaceuticalsandseveraldrugmetabolites,havebeendetectedintheaquaticenvironment.SeveralPhACsfromvariousprescriptionclasseshavebeenfoundatconcentrationsuptotheµ
g/l-levelinsewageinfluentandeffluentsamplesandalsoinseveralsurfacewaterslocateddownstreamfrommunicipalsewagetreatmentplants(STPs).ThestudiesshowthatsomePhACsoriginatingfromhumantherapyarenoteliminatedcompletelyinthemunicipalSTPsandare,thus,dischargedascontaminantsintothereceivingwaters.Underrechargeconditions,polarPhACssuchasclofibricacid,carbamazepine,primidoneoriodinatedcontrastagentscanleachthroughthesubsoilandhavealsobeendetectedinseveralgroundwatersamplesinGermany.PositivefindingsofPhACshave,however,alsobeenreportedingroundwatercontaminatedbylandfillleachatesormanufacturingresidues.Todate,onlyinafewcasesPhACshavealsobeendetectedattrace-levelsindrinkingwatersamples.©
2002ElsevierScienceIrelandLtd.Allrightsreserved.
Keywords:
PhACs;
Sewagecontaminants;
Bankfiltration;
Surface,ground-anddrinkingwater
1.Introductionandbackground
Inrecentyears,theoccurrenceandfateofpharmaceuticallyactivecompounds(PhACs)intheaquaticenvironmenthasbeenrecognizedasoneoftheemergingissuesinenvironmentalchemistry(StanandHeberer,1997;
Halling-Sø
rensenetal.,1998;
DaughtonandTernes,1999;
DaughtonandJones-Lepp,2001;
Ku¨
mmerer,
E-mailaddress:
heberer@foodchemistry.de(T.Heberer).
2001;
Verstraetenetal.,inpress).Thedisposalofunusedmedicationviathetoiletseemstobeofminorimportancebutmanyofthepharmaceuti-calsappliedinhumanmedicalcarearenotcom-pletelyeliminatedinthehumanbody.Oftentheyareexcretedonlyslightlytransformedorevenunchangedmostlyconjugatedtopolarmolecules(e.g.asglucoronides).Theseconjugatescaneasilybecleavedduringsewagetreatmentandtheorigi-nalPhACswillthenbereleasedintotheaquaticenvironmentmostlybyeffluentsfrommunicipal
0378-4274/02/$-seefrontmatter©
2002ElsevierScienceIrelandLtd.Allrightsreserved.PII:
S0378-4274(02)00041-3
sewagetreatmentplants(STPs).Severalinvestiga-tionshaveshownsomeevidencethatsubstancesofpharmaceuticaloriginareoftennoteliminatedduringwastewatertreatmentandalsonotbiode-gradedintheenvironment(Ternes,1998a;
Zwieneretal.,2000;
Heberer,inpress).Underrechargeconditions,residuesofPhACsmayalsoleachintogroundwa-teraquifers(Verstraetenetal.,inpress).Thus,theyhavealreadybeenreportedtooccuringround-anddrinkingwatersamplesfromwaterworksusingbankfiltrationorartificialground-waterrechargedownstreamfrommunicipalSTPs(HebererandStan,1997;
Hebereretal.,1997;
Heberer,inpress).
ThepresenceofPhACsfromhumanmedicalcareingroundwatermay,however,alsobecausedbyothersourcessuchaslandfillleachates(Eckeletal.,1993;
Holmetal.,1995;
AhelandJelicic,2001)ormanufacturingresidues(Red-dersenetal.,submitted).Nowadays,andespe-ciallyintheindustrializedcountries,strongregulationsandadvancedmanufacturingprac-ticesshallpreventsuchspills.Inthepast,regula-tionswerenotasstrongandinseveralcasesthe
releaseofproductionresidueswaseithertoleratedorevenaccepted.SuchspillscouldresultinSu-perfundsiteswhichmayberesponsibleforto-day’sfindingsofPhACresiduesintheenvironment(Reddersenetal.,submitted).ButtheoccurrenceofpharmaceuticalresiduesintheenvironmentmayalsobecausedbyagricultureapplyinglargeamountsofPhACsasveterinarydrugsandfeedadditivesinlivestockbreeding.Fig.1showspossiblesourcesandpathwaysfortheoccurrenceofPhACresiduesintheenviron-ment.
Threeyearsago,DaughtonandTernes(1999)wroteacomprehensivereviewonPhACsandpersonalcareproducts(PCPs)intheenvironmentandalsomentionedsomefutureresearchneeds.Inthemeantime,somenewdataontheoccur-rence,fate,andremovalofPhACsintheaquaticenvironmenthavebeenpublished.Thispapergivesanoverviewonthecurrentstateofthescientificknowledge.ItisrestrictedtoPhACsoriginatingfromhumanapplicationandcompilesmostrecentdataandinformationfromsomescientificstudiesandprojectscarriedoutinEu-ropeandtheU.S.
Fig.1.Schemeshowingpossiblesourcesandpathwaysfortheoccurrenceofpharmaceuticalresiduesintheaquaticenvironment.
2.OccurrenceofPhACsinsewage,surface,ground-anddrinkingwater
TheoccurrenceofthePhACsintheaquaticenvironmenthasbeeninvestigatedinseveralstud-iesinAustria,Brazil,Canada,Croatia,England,Germany,Greece,Italy,Spain,Switzerland,TheNetherlandsandtheU.S.Morethan80PhACsfromvariousprescriptionclasseshavebeende-tecteduptotheµ
g/l-levelinsewage,surfaceandgroundwater.
2.1.Analgesicsandanti-inflammatorydrugs
ThissectioncompilesdatafromPhACsprimar-ilyusedaspainkillers.Mostanalgesicsalsohaveanti-inflammatoryandantipyreticproperties.Largeamountsofpainkillersareprescribedinhumanmedicalcarebutoftentheyaresoldatmuchhigherquantitieswithoutprescriptionasso-called‘over-the-counter’(OTC)drugs.InGer-many,prescriptiondataisaccessibleviathehealthinsurancecompaniesbutonlyroughesti-mationsarepossibleforthoseamountsofdrugsdonatedasmedicationinhospitalsorsoldasOTCdrugs(StanandHeberer,1997).
Acetaminophen(paracetamol)andacetylsaly-cylicacid(ASA)arethetwomostpopularpainkillersmainlysoldasOTCdrugs.InGermany,thetotalquantitiesofASAsoldperyearhavebeenestimatedat>
500tons(Ternes,2001).Nev-ertheless,otheranalgesicssuchasdiclofenacoribuprofensoldinGermanyatannualquantitiesofapproximately75and180tons,respectively(Ter-nes,2001),havebeenrecognizedasbeingmoreimportantforthewater-cycle.ASAwasdetectedatamedianconcentrationofonly0.22µ
g/linsewageeffluentsinGermany(Ternes,1998a).Inthesamestudy,themedianconcentrationofASAinsurfacewatersampleswasbelowthedetectionlimits.
Asapro-drug,ASAis,however,easilyde-gradedbydeacetylationintoitsmoreactiveformsalicylicacidandintotwoothermetabolitesnamelyortho-hydroxyhippuricacidandthehy-droxylatedmetabolitegentisicacid.Ternes(1998a),Ternesetal.(1998b)detectedsalicylicacid,ortho-hydroxyhippuricacidandgentisicacid
insewageinfluentsamplesatconcentrationsupto
54,6.8,and4.6µ
g/l,respectively.Ternesetal.(1998b)observedthatallthreecompoundswereefficientlyremovedbythemunicipalSTPsandonlysalicylicacidwasdetectedatverylowcon-centrationsinsewageeffluentsandalsoinrivers.Heberer(inpress)alsoreportedaverageconcen-trationsofonly0.04µ
g/lforsalicylicacidinsewageeffluents.Butinthisstudy,theaverageinfluentconcentrationsof0.34µ
g/lwererelativelylow,too.Ontheotherhand,muchhigherconcen-trationsofsalicylicacidupto13µ
g/lwerede-tectedinsewageeffluentsinGreeceandSpain(Farre´
etal.,2001;
Hebereretal.,2001a).ResiduesofsalicylicaciddonotnecessarilyhavetoderivefromASA.Othersourcessuchastheuseofsalicylicacidaskeratolytic,dermatice,andpreservativeoffoodoritsnaturalformationareevenmorelikelytoberesponsiblefortheoccur-renceofthiscompoundintheaquaticenviron-ment(Heberer,inpress).
Theothermostprominentpainkilleracetamin-ophenisalsoeasilydegradedandremovedbytheSTPs.IninvestigationsofsewageeffluentsandriversinGermany,acetaminophenwasonlyde-tectedinlessthan10%ofallsewageeffluentsandnotdetectedinriverwater(Ternes,1998a).Ininvestigationsof142streamsintheU.S.suscepti-bleforcontaminationsbymunicipalsewageeffluents,Kolpinetal.(inpress)detectedacet-aminophenin17%ofallsamplesatmaximumconcentrationsupto10µ
g/l.
Approximately,75tonsoftheprescriptiondrugdiclofenacareannuallysoldinGermany(Ternes,
2001).Inlong-termmonitoringinvestigationsofsewageandsurfacewatersamplesfromBerlin,Germany,Hebereretal.(inpressb)identifieddiclofenacasoneofthemostimportantPhACpresentinthewater-cycle.Averageconcentrationsof3.02and2.51µ
g/lweredetectedintheinfluentsandeffluentsofthemunicipalSTPs,respectively.Thislowremovalrateofonly17%demonstratesthepersistenceofdiclofenacintheSTPsandwasalsor
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