庄子Word文档下载推荐.docx
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庄子Word文档下载推荐.docx
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5).Conversion(转换);
6).Restructuring(词序调整);
7).Negation(正说反译,反说正译);
8).Division(长句拆译).
遣词用字是任何翻译工作者自始至终需面临的一个现实问题。
由于英汉分属不同的语系,所以在翻译时源语与译语之间往往没用相对固定的词义对应关系。
本期用对比的方式归纳了英汉词字层次上的五种对应情况:
1.完全对等,2.多词同义,3.一词多义,4.词义交织,5.无对等词语。
词义辨析是遣词用字的前提。
本期从四个角度探讨了如何判断某一英语词语的准确含义,即1.根据构词法辨别词义;
2.根据指代关系辨别词义;
3.根据上下文或词的搭配辨别词义;
4.根据不同学科或专业类型辨别词义。
在词义辨析的基础上,本期归纳了英语词语翻译的8种常用技巧:
1.推演法,2.移植法,3.引伸法,4.替代法,5.释义法,6.合并法,7.图形法和8.音译法。
1.CorrespondenceBetweenEnglishandChineseatWordLevel
----英汉词字层次上的五种对应情况
Inmostcasesthereisnoexistingpatternforsentencetranslation,noraretherefixedrulesforwordtransformation.Generallyspeaking,thecorrespondencebetweenEnglishandChineseatwordlevelmaybecategorizedasfollows:
1)Word-for-wordCorrespondence
Thisismostevidentlyshowninpropernounsandtechnicalterms.Forexample:
Marxism=马克思主义
Aspirin=阿斯匹林
2)OneWordwithMultipleEquivalentsoftheSameMeaning
Thisisacommoncaseintranslation.Forexample:
犬:
dog,hound,spaniel,mastiff,pointer,setter,retriever,terrier……
3)OneWordwithSeveralEquivalentsofDifferentMeaning
Thisisalsoverycommonintranslation.Forexample:
carry:
搬、运、送、提、拎、挑、担、抬、背、扛、搂、抱、端、举、夹、捧…..
走:
walk,saunter,amble,stride,trudge,trapes,shamble,prance,scamper,clump,tiptoe….
羊:
sheep,goat,ram,ewe,lamb……
4)EquivalentsInterwovenwithOneAnother
5)WordsWithoutEquivalents
Inthiscase,anexplanationisgiveninsteadofanequivalent.Forexample:
clock-watcher:
老是看钟等下班的人
阴:
(inChinesethought)thesoftinactivefemaleprincipleorforceintheworld
阳:
(inChinesethought)thestrongactivemaleprincipleorforceintheworld
(目不识)丁:
(notknowone'
s)ABC
2.MethodstoDiscriminatetheOriginalMeaningofanEnglishWord
-----词义辨析
SinceEnglishwordsarepronetovariousmeanings,itisofvitalimportanceforatranslatortodiscerntherightmeaningofagivenword.Andthefollowingarethemajormethodsofdiscriminatingwordmeaningsuggestedbysomelinguists.
1)JudgingfromtheWordFormation
InordertodiscriminatetheoriginalmeaningofanEnglishword,itisnecessaryforustohaveaknowledgeofEnglishlexicology,andspecifically,aknowledgeofwordformation,suchascompounding,derivation,affixation,blending,acronym,clipping,etc.Agoodcommandofthemwillhelptoshedlightonthecorrectmeaningofsomedifficultwords.
Forexample,theword"
"
parabiospheric"
whichconsistsofpara-(outside)+bio-(biologic)+spheric(havingtheformofasphere).Afterabriefanalysis,wemaysafelyputitinto"
外生物层的"
.Anothermorecomplicatedinstance,pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis.Thisextremelylongwordseemsappallinglycomplicated.However,ananatomicstudyofitscompositionenablesustogetaclearunderstandingofitsmeaning:
pneumono-(oflung)+ultra-(beyond)+micro(verysmall)+scopic-(ofviewingorobserving)+silico-(ofsilicon)+volcano+coni-(koni,ofdust)+osis(formingthenameofadisease).Evenifwearenotsureoftheequivalentofthismedicalterm,wemayroughlygettherightmeaningofthelongword:
akindoflungdiseasecausedbyextremelysmallsiliconparticles.Andalookintosomedictionaryleadsustothedefiniteanswer:
硅酸盐沉着病,肺尘病(一种矿工易染的病)。
2)JudgingfromtheReferences
Themeaningofapronominalword,thatis,whatitrefersto,istobejudgedfromthereferences.Thepronominalwordsinclude:
(1)thirdpersonpronouns;
indefinitepronounssuchassome,any,each,both;
anddefinitepronounssuchasmuch,many,few,little,etc.Forexample:
He[father]sentJohntotheuniversityandwaseagertohavehimdistinguishhimself.
他送约翰上大学,巴望能让儿子出类拔萃。
(2)demonstrativepronouns,suchasthis,that,these,those,anddemonstrativeadverbssuchashere,there,now,then,etc.Forexample:
Healthisabovewealth,forthiscannotgivesomuchhappinessasthat.
健康比财富更重要,因为财富不能像健康那样给人以幸福。
(or:
因为后者不能像前者那样给人以幸福。
)
(3)referencesofcomparison.Forexample:
Ihateblueshirt;
whiteshirtsuitsmebutgrayisthemostpreferable.
我讨厌穿蓝衬衫,喜欢穿白衬衫,而最喜欢穿灰衬衫。
Withoutthereferentialwords"
father"
"
health"
wealth"
and"
shirt"
intheabovethreesentences,itwouldbeverydifficulttomakeouttherealmeaningofsuchwordsas"
him"
himself"
this"
that"
themostpreferable"
.
3)JudgingfromtheContextandCollocation
Themeaningsofthewords"
tension"
story"
inpreviousexamplesareexplicitenoughinthecontext.Hereisanotherexample:
develop.
1.Hisplanedevelopedenginetroubleonlysevenmilesaftertakeoff.(发生故障)
2.Modernaircraftaresoheavythatthewingsmustdevelopaverylargeliftforceinordertosustaintheaircraft.(产生升力)
3.Inspiredbytheseideas,in1752Franklindevelopedapracticallightningrod.(发明避雷针)
4.Ahypothesisisaspecificstatementdevelopedbyascientistfromobservations.(得出论断)
5.Untilthedomaintheoryofmagnetismwasdeveloped,theydidnothavemuchsuccess.(提出理论)
6.Todevelopthecapabilitiesofthegeophysicalprospecting,therenewalofthetechniquesandequipmentisthefirstthingtobeconsidered.(提高能力)
7.Mostofthemoneycamefromsellingthesecretofanewtypeofpotatohehaddeveloped.(培育新品种)
8.AsyoungGoddardgrewintomanhood,hedevelopedtuberculosis.(患上结核病)
9.Wemustdevelopallthenaturalsubstancesinourcountrywhichcanmakeusrich.(开发资源)
10.Severalattemptshavebeenmadethroughtheyearstodevelopthedeposit.(开采矿床)
11.Indevelopingadesign,theengineermustapplyhisknowledgeofengineeringandmaterialscience.(进行设计)
Collocationisalsoaninseparablefactorindiction.Let'
slookattheword"
delicate"
inthefollowingillustrations,wheredifferentrenditionsaregiventothesamewordsoastosuitthecollocation.
Delicateskin娇嫩的皮肤/porcelain精致的瓷器/upbringing娇生惯养/living奢侈的生活/stomach容易吃坏的胃/vase容易碰碎的花瓶/diplomaticquestion微妙的外交问题
/difference讲不大清楚的差别/surgicaloperation难做的外科手术/earformusic对音乐有鉴赏力
/senseofsmell灵敏的嗅觉/touch生花妙笔/food美味的食物
4)JudgingfromDifferentBranchesofLearningandSpecialties
base"
:
(1)Thelatheshouldbesetonafirmbase.
车床应安装在坚实的底座上。
(机械)
(2)Asweallknow,abasereactswithanacidtoformasalt.
众所周知,碱与酸反应生成盐。
(化学)
(3)Atransistorhasthreeelectrodes,theemitter,thebaseandthecollector.
晶体管有三个电极,即发射极,基极和集电极。
(电子)
(4)LineABisthebaseofthetriangleABC.
AB线是三角形ABC的底边。
(数学)
(5)Heisonthesecondbase.
他在二垒。
(体育)
3.SomeTechniquesEmployedinTranslatingaGivenEnglishWord
----英语词语翻译的8种常用技巧
InhisStylisticsandTranslation,Mr.LiuMiqinghassuggested7techniquesintranslatingagivenEnglishword.Wemayaddinanothertechnique,pictographictranslation,tomakeupthetotalnumberof8.
1)Deduction(推演法)
DeductionistodeducetheoriginalmeaninginthelightoftheexplanationofanEnglishdictionary.ThisisamajormeansinEnglish-Chinesetranslation.Forexample:
Stopout---(U.S.)astudentwhointerruptshiseducationtopursuesomeotheractivityforabriefperiod辍学学生
community---asocialgrouporclasshavingcommoninterests……派(界),……界人士
challenge---toquestionthelawfulnessorrightnessof(sth.Orsb.)对……表示怀疑,质疑;
对……提出异议
2)Transplant(移植法)
ThatisaliteraltranslationofthepartsofagivenEnglishword.
Microwave微波supermarket超级市场
splashdown溅落dataphone数据送话(机)
3)Extension(引伸法)
Thismaybeeitherfromspecifictogeneralorfromconcretetoabstract,andviceversa.
Bottleneck瓶颈→交通狭口→阻塞(fromconcretetoabstract)
braintrust脑托拉斯→智囊团(fromspecifictogeneral)
braindrain脑排干→人才外流→人才流失(fromconcretetoabstract)
Itismorethantransienteverydayness.这远非一时的柴米油盐问题。
(fromabstracttoconcrete)
4)Substitution(替代法)
ThisistoreplacethewordsoftheoriginalexpressionwithChinesesynonymsoridiomsaccordingtodifferentsituations.
Tokillsb.Asanexample杀一儆百(or:
杀鸡给猴看)
Pleasewithholdthehandout.请不要发这些材料。
Hewasindeedagoodriddance.他还是不在的好。
Thesameisnottruewithamortalillness.如果是得了不治之症(or:
绝症),情况就不一样了。
5)Explanation(释义法)
ThistechniqueiscommonlyusedwhenthereisnocorrespondingChineseexpressionandalltheabove-mentionedtechniquesfailtomakesense.
Mindlessness思想上的浑浊状态
togetherness不分彼此的集体感
redshirt美国大学中在体育方面有发展前途的学生
swansong绝唱,辞世之作、归天之作
athrowawaysociety一个大手大脚、浪费成风的社会
6)Combination(合并法)
Thismeanstointegratetwowordsofclosemeaningintooneexpression.
Sosubtleandcarefulanobserver一位如此精细的观察者
hismendacityanddishonesty他的狡诈
agrimandtragicChristmas一个惨淡的圣诞节
thebodyandmindcrampedbynoxiouswork有害工作造成的身心困顿
7)PictographicTranslation(图形法)
BythistechniqueEnglishwordsaretranslatedaccordingtotheiractualshapes.
H-beam工字梁O-ring环形圈
U-steel槽钢V-belt三角皮带
X-brace交叉支撑Y-curve叉型曲线
8)Transliteration(音译法)
Thistechniqueismostfrequentlyusedindealingwithpropernouns(especiallythenamesofpeopleandplaces,trademarks,etc.).Besides,itisalsousedincoinagewherenoexistingChineseexpressionisavailable.
WallStreet华尔街TheTimes泰晤士报
Pentium奔腾(计算机微处理器)Citroen雪铁龙(汽车商标)
quinine奎宁(一种树皮名称)clone克隆
Internet因特网hacker黑客
4.DictioninChinese-Englishtranslation
DictioninChinese-EnglishtranslationissomewhatdifferentfromthatinEnglish-Chinese.IfthecruxofthelatterliesinpickingouttherightChinesewordfromthoseweknowvery
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