从文化翻译观看汉语习语的英译Word格式.docx
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从文化翻译观看汉语习语的英译Word格式.docx
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foreignization;
culturaltranslationtheory;
Chineseidioms
【摘要】归化与异化是两种不同的翻译策略。
译界有许多学者对此发表了许多的观点。
归化与异化之争由来已久,从古至今,从西方到中国,归化与异化都是学者译者们争论的热门话题之一。
翻译基本上是一种语言转换活动但又不是一项纯粹的语言转换活动,它还牵涉到种种非语言因素,特别是牵涉到种种文化因素。
翻译不仅是语言层面更是文化层面上的一种活动,其本质是文化交流。
自20世纪80年代后,许多学者针对归化与异化提出了应该从文化角度来审视二者的观点。
孙致礼在《翻译的异化与归化》中提到:
“翻译的根本任务是准确而完整地传达原作的‘思想’和‘风味’。
在翻译中,译者不仅要考虑语言的差异,还要密切注视文化的差异,力求最大限度地保存原文所蕴涵的异域文化特色。
如果不是万不得已,特别不宜归化,而要尽可能真实地传达出来。
”“归化主要表现在‘纯语言层面’,在‘文化层面’上则应力求最大限度的异化。
”以汉语习语为例,在当今跨文化交流不断发展的趋势下,译者在翻译中应多从文化的角度考虑,适度加以应用“异化”策略及其方法,尽可能重现汉语习语的文化特征及内涵,让西方人更多更好地了解中国,接触中华民族博大精深的文化,同时也有利于传播中国独有的文化气息,进而有利于实现中国与世界各国进一步交流。
[关键词]归化;
异化;
文化翻译观;
汉语习语
1.Onculturaltranslationtheory
Culturaltranslationisdiscussedinthebroadcontextofculture.Itincludesananalysisofthesurfaceanddeepstructuresofcultureandlanguage,andtheexaminationoftheinternalcontextbetweencultureandtranslationaswellastheobjectivelawspertainingtotheirinteraction.Inlate1980s,manyscholarsbegantogivetheirownopinionsontranslationfromtheperspectiveofculture.UmbertoEcoconsideredthattranslationequalstoculture,thatistosay,thetranslationactivityisakindofculturaltransportation.“LambertandRobynsheldthattranslationshouldbetreatedasnotonlyanactivitybetweentwolanguagesbutalsoacommunicativeactivitybetweentwocultures.Nidapointedout:
foratrulysuccessfultranslation,biculturalabilityismuchmoreimportantthanbilingualability”[1]p70.Somescholarssuggestedthatculturebutnottextshouldberegardedasthetranslationunitandtranslatorsshouldpaymoreattentiontocultureduringtranslation.Tosomeextent,thoseviewsbecamesymbolsofformationofculturaltranslationtheory.
Differentcultureshavedifferentfeatures.Cultureindicatesanation,regionorarace’sfeature.Andthecommunicationofdifferentculturesneedstranslation.Translationistheproductionandintermediumofculturalcommunication.“Translationreflectsthefeaturesofbothcultureswhenonelanguageandcultureistranslatedintoanother.Andtheaimoftranslationistotransferthesourcecultureintothetargetculture” p24.“WangZuoliangpointedout:
Thedifferencebetweentwoculturesisthemostdifficultthingintranslation,sotranslatorsshouldhaveagoodknowledgeofboththeforeigncultureandthenativeculture.Themoretranslatorsunderstandtheculturalinformation,themorepossiblytheycanmasterthelanguageandreproducetheoriginalculture.HanZimanviewedthatthefeaturesofculturehaveaneffectonthewholetranslationactivitiesandtheviseversaisalsotrue” p116.Therefore,thetransferenceofculturalinformationshouldplayakeyroleintranslation.
Inthebroadcontextofculture,translationmeansnotonlyonelanguagebeingtransferredintoanotherbutalsoacommunicationbetweentwocultures.Andthepurposeoftranslationistopromoteculturalcommunication.Translationisakindofculturalactivitythattranslatorsreproducetheoriginalcultureinthetargettext.Culturalinformationbutnotlanguageistheobjectoftranslation.“Duringtranslation,translatorsshouldtranslatethe‘form’and‘essence’oftheoriginallanguageintothetargetlanguagedirectlyandexactly.,translationshouldreservetheculturaldifferenceandreproducetheoriginal‘foreignness’asmuchaspossible” p37.Here,“‘foreignness’meansthattranslationshouldkeepasmuchaspossibletheculturalfeaturesandinformationofthesourcetext” p136.Allinall,inculturaltranslation,translatorsshouldtakecultureintoconsiderationandreconstructthesourcecultureasmuchaspossibleintothetargetlanguageduringtranslation.
2.Domesticationandforeignizationunderthelightofculturaltranslation
Theoriginanddefinitionofdomesticationandforeignization
Thepairofterms,domesticationandforeignization,wasmentionedinTheTranslatorInvisibilitywrittenbyAmericanfamoustranslator in1995,whichwereusedtodescribetwokindsoftranslationstrategies.TheirtakingoutwereonthebasisofGermanyphilosopherSchleierMarcher,whoviewedthatthereweretwokindsoftranslation,onewas“thetranslatorleavestheauthorinpeaceasmuchaspossible,andmovesthereadertowardhim.”theotherwas”thetranslatorleavesthereaderinpeaceasmuchaspossible,andmovestheauthortowardhim.”p21.AccordingtoMarcher’sopinion,theformersentencereferstomeanthereader-orientedtranslationwhilethelattertheauthor-orientedone.Thereader-orientedtranslationreferstothetranslationthattranslatorspaymoreattentiontothetargetlanguagereaders’conventionsandunderstandingswhiletheauthor-orientedonemeanstothetranslationthattranslatorstakethesourcelanguageauthor’sideasandstyleintoaccount.However,heneverusedspecialtermstosummarizethem.ItwasSchuttleworthandCowiewhodefinedthem.Theygave“domestication”adefinitionas“atermusedbyVenutitodescribethetranslationstrategyinwhichatransparent,fluentstyleisadoptedinordertominimizethestrangenessoftheforeigntextfortargetlanguagereaders.”p21Venuticonsideredthat“domestication”containedderogatorymeaning,because“itisidentifiedwithapolitycommonindominantcultureswhichare‘aggressivelymonolingual,unreceptivetotheforeign’,andwhichhedescribesasbeing‘accustomedtofluenttranslationsthatinvisiblyinscribeforeigntextwith[targetlanguage]valuesandprovidereaderswithnarcissisticexperienceofrecognizingtheirowncultureinaculturalother” p21.Inotherwords,accordingtoVenuti’sopinion,“domestication”usedintranslationindicatesthemeaningofthe“dominantculture”recombiningthelanguageandculturalfeaturesofthesourcetextwiththepurposeofdominatingthe“weakculture”.
For“foreignization”,SchuttleworthandCowiedefineditas“atermusedbyVenutitodesignatethetypeoftranslationinwhichatargettextisproducedwhichdeliberatelybreakstargetconventionsberetainingsomethingoftheforeignnessoftheoriginal.”Venutiregardeditasachallengingstrategyto“domestication”anditseffectisto“registerthelinguisticandculturaldifferenceoftheforeigntext,sendingthereaderabroad.” p21Intranslation,translatorsshouldreservethelanguageandculturefeaturesofthesourcetext;
therefore,readersofthetargettextcanfeelsome“strangeness”ofothercultures.
ThedefinitionofdomesticationandforeignizafionhaschangedwhentheyareintroducedintoChina.“Andthescopeofreferenceisenlarged.ItreferstonotonlythetranslationfromforeignlanguagestoEnglishbutalsothetranslationfromonelanguagetoanother,especiallyfromChinesetootherlanguages”[10]p22.What’smore,theelementsofculturalinequalityneverdrawpeople’sgreatattentionandevenareforgotten.
Fromtheexplorationanddiscussionmentionedabove,nowwecansumupdomesticationandforeignizationinthisway:
theyaretwodifferenttranslationstrategiesusedbytranslatorsaccordingtodifferentaspectssuchasthedifferencebetweentwolanguagesandcultures,translationpurpose,typeoftext,intentionoftheauthorandreadersofthetargetlanguageetc.“Domestication”holdsthattranslationshouldbeinaccordancewiththetargetlanguageandcultureandgetridofthebarriersasmuchaspossiblesoastomeetthetargetlanguagereadersdemands;
“foreignization”viewsthattranslationshouldreservetheculturalfeaturesofsourcelanguagesoastoenrichthetargetlanguageandcultureandmeetthetargetlanguagereaders’demandof“strangeness”.“Domesticationandforeignizationisapairofcomplementarytranslationstrategiesthatdon’trejectagainsteachother”[11]p68.
Foreignization-orientedstrategyunderthelightofculturaltranslation
Generallyspeaking,domesticatingtranslationgivesthereadermoreconvenienceandsavesthereadermuchtime.Inth
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