自考综合英语一考试复习资料Word文档格式.docx
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自考综合英语一考试复习资料Word文档格式.docx
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可数名词除非前面有冠词或表示单数的限定词,否则要用其复数形式。
例如:
lfaboydisobeystheorder,hewillbepunishedseverely.
Theteacherfirstlydividedhisstudentsintofourgroups.
Thesecoursesareespeciallydesignedforseniorstudents.
有些名词的复数构成是不规则的,如:
child-children,foot-feet,goose-geese,mouse-mice,man-men,ox-oxen,tooth-teeth,woman-women等。
Everyfallgeeseflyoverthehouse.
Thedentisttoldhimthatseveralteethofhisneedtobefilled.
MrsSmithhasthreechildren,andTonnyistheyoungestone.
Ithinkwe'
vegotmiceinthekitchen.
有些名词的单复数形式是一样的,如:
Chinese,Japanese,Spanish(西班牙),Lebanese(黎巴嫩),Portuguese(葡萄牙),Swiss(瑞士),sheep,deer,swine(猪),fish,carp(鲤鱼),salmon(鲑),means,series,species,aircraft,spacecraft等。
Thebestfisharenearthebottom.
WhentheygottotheNewWorld,SpanishconstructedtheirhouseswithMoorisharchitecturalfeatures.
Isawawhitesheeprunningdowntheroad.
Judgingbyhislanguage,hemustbeaJapanese.
在表示一类事物时,介词of后的名词要用复数形式。
例如,
Beethovenisoneofthegreatestmusiciansintheworld.
TheAnimalArtFestivalisbeingheldatShanghaiZoo,whichisoneofthemostwelcomefestivalsinthecity.
SheisoneofthethreemartyrswhowerekilledinNATO'
sbombingontheChineseEmbassyinYugoslavia.
大多数集体名词可作单数,也可作复数,如:
army,audience,class,committee,crew(全体船员,乘务员),crowd,faculty,family,government,group,orchestra,public,team,union等。
但有些虽然是单数形式,却用作复数,如:
cattle(牲畜),mankind(人类),militia(民兵),people,police,poultry(家畜),staff(全体职员)等。
ThepresidentsaidtheChineseGovernmentispayingcloseattentiontodevelopmentsinthismatter,andcontinuestoreservetherighttotakefurtheraction.
Thecattleweregrazingonthemeadownearthefarm.
Theaudiencewereamusedbyhishumorousstories.
Myfamilyisfarawayfromtheschool.
有些名词只有复数形式,而且也只用作复数,如:
clothes,glasses,spectacles,pants,arms(武器),belongings(所有物),customs(海关),goods(货物),suburbs(郊区),papers(文件)等;
而有些名词形式为复数,却用作单数,如:
electronics(电子学),mathematics(数学),optics(光学),politics,statistics(统计学)等。
Theshortshewearsaremadeofleather.Linguisticsisadifficultsubjecttostudy.Heusedtostudyelectronicswhichisn'
thisfavoritesubject.Ilovetoliveinthesuburbsthatareconclusive.有些名词一般情况下以单数形式出现,表示总体。
但如果表示若干、多次或几种时,则要用其复数。
这类词有:
hair,fruit,pollution,rain,difficulty,success,wind,failure等。
ThebarberhadbeencuttinghumanhairfortwoyearsbeforehecametoLosAngeles.Motherboughtoranges,bananasandotherfruits.Thesecavescollapseeasilyinheavyrainsandgreatwinds.He'
shavingfinancialdifficulties.有些名词一般只有单数形式,它们通常是表示物质和抽象概念的不可数名词,像:
advice,baggage,bread,corn,clothing,equipment,education,fun,furniture,fruit,garbage,grass,happiness,homework,housework,humanity,information,knowledge,landscape,laughter,machinery,mankind,merchandise,money,music,nonsense,nature,population,progress,scenery,smoke,sweat,strength,traffic,thunder,ink,jewellery,damage,mail,work,soap,sugar,gold,chalk,cloth,anger,applause,cake,chocolate,poverty等。
Imustseektheadviceofaspecialistinthematterofthetransferofpropertyrights.Headacheisthemostcommondiseaseofhuman.Ireallygetalotoffunfromreadinginleisuretime.ThepopulationofShanghaiisverybig.有些名词单复数的含义不同,使用时要根据上下文的意思进行选择。
这类词包括:
communication(通讯)-communications(通讯系统,通讯工具),cloth(布)-clothes(衣服),content(内容)-contents(目录),convenience(便利)-conveniences(便利设备),humanity(人类)-humanities(人文科学),necessity(需要)-necessities(必需品),wood(木材)-woods(树林),pain(疼痛)-pains(辛劳),ruin(毁灭)-ruins(废墟,遗迹),sand(沙子)-sands(沙滩),work(工作)-works(工厂,著作)等。
“Hometown”isoneofLuXun'
smostfamousworks.Theinsurancecompanypaid$121,700indamagesfortheaccident.MychildenjoyspIayingonthesands.Nopains,nogains.有些名词一般只有复数形式。
如:
fundamentals(基本原则),goods(货物),means(方法),shorts(短裤),sweets(欢乐),valuables(贵重物品)等。
Thefundamentalsaremadetoguaranteethesocialstability.Don'
ttakeanyvaluablesthereforthesakeofsafety.Thegoodswepurchasedfromhimaren'
texpensive.Ithinkourproblemcansolvedbymeansofnegotiation.名词做定语时,不能用作复数。
Pleasecheckyourexaminationpapercarefullyafterfinishingit.TheChina'
sCentralTelevisionstationsuppliesweatherreporteveryday.You'
dbetterinfommyfamilymembersbeforeleavingforBeijing.TheUnitedStatesandGermanyaretwomemberstatesofNATO.复合名词的复数只把其中所包含的主体名词变成复数。
looker(s)-on,runner(s)-up,son(s)-in-law,editor(s)-in-chief,passer(s)-by,grand-child(ren),armyman(armymen),room-number(s),shoelace(s),dinnerplate(s),bloodtype(s)等。
如果没有主体名词,就在最后一个词上加复数词尾。
go-between(s),drawback(s)等。
注意以man,woman构成的复合名词,全部变成复数。
man-servant---men-servants,woman-soldier---women-soldiers。
Wouldyoubringmesomedinnerplates?
Wehadawonderfultalkwithsomewomen-soldiers.Don'
tregardyourselvesaspassers-byundersuchcircumstances.
Weareofdifferentbloodtypes.名词的所有格一般在词尾加'
s,已有复数词尾-s的,只加'
。
Wemustworkhardtofulfilthecountry'
splans.Theschooliswithinastone'
sthrow.Nearbyareherrelative'
houses.CouldyoutellmetheSmith'
saddress?
名词所有格有时还可以和of构成短语,有以下两种情况:
1)它所修饰的词前面有一个表示数量的词,如:
a,two,several,some,any,no,few等。
2)它所修饰的词前面有一个指示代词,便句子表示某种情绪。
SeveralstudentsofLaoYang'
sactedintheplay.WesawaplayofGuoMoro'
sAtbirth,theheadofababyisextremelylargeinrelationtotherestofthebody.IhavesomerecordsofNaYing'
s.以上是名词的用法。
2.代词的用法1)人称代词有主格人称代词,在句中充当主语:
I,you,he,she,it,we,you,they,和宾格人称代词,在句中充当宾语:
me,you,him,her,it,us,you,them。
Wehaven'
tseeneachotherforalongtimesincehewentabroad.Letyouandmehaveanappointmentforthenextweekend.Haveyougotanyideaaboutthisissue?
Telluswhateveryou'
veheard.2)物主代词可在句中作定语,有指人的:
my,our,your,his,her和their;
有指物的:
its,his或her(指国家或轮船)。
名词性物主代词作表语、主语、宾语,与of连用可作定语:
yours,ours,theirs,mine,her,his,its。
Tonnyisanoldfriendofmine.Mydormitoryisnexttoyours,andMary'
sisonthethirdfloor.Titanicsankwithherseveralthousandpassengers.Nexttimeit'
sonmytreat.3)反身代词亦称自身代词,可作宾语、表语,作主语或宾语的同位语,还与某些动词连用,与介词连用构成成语。
有:
myself,yourself,himself,herself,itself,ourselves,yourselves,themselves。
TheseChildrenaretooyoungtotakecareofthemselves.Don'
tworry,hewillbehimselfagainsoon.AlthoughUncleGeorgeisabad-temperedman,Ithinkheisakindmaninhimself.Youshouldberesponsibleforyourself.4)相互代词表示相互关系,有:
eachother(两者之间)和oneanother(多者之间)。
ImetMissScottthismorning,andWegreetedeachother.WeshouldlearnfromOneanotherandmakeprogresstogether.5)指示代词在句中充当主语、宾语和定语,有:
this,that,these,those。
Such也是指示代词,可作定语、主语和表语,修饰可数名词时要与a连用。
NowadaysTVprogramsaremuchmorecolorfulthanthoseofthepast.Themoneyspentonentertainment,accordingtosomeauthorities,hasexceededthatspentonpublichealth.Iwanttoknowthis:
areyoutalkingabouttheaccidentIenounteredyesterday?
Hisfutureiscloselyboundwiththatofthecompany.Youshouldn'
ttrustonsuchapersonwhoneverkeepshispromise.
6)疑问代词有who,whom,whose,what,which。
who可作主语和表语,whom作宾语,whose,what,which可作主语、表语、宾语和定语,其中作主语时,要看所代表的人或物是单数还是复数,如果不清楚,则动词一般用单数。
Whowillseetothismatter?
Whomhaveyouchosentoberesponsibleforthework?
Itishardtodecidewhoseisbetter.
What'
sonyourschedule?
Whichuniversitydidheenteratlast?
7)关系代词有who,whom,whose,that,which。
which代表事物,that代表人或物;
在非限制性定语从句中,不能用that,而用who(m)代表人,用which代表物,或代表主句所说的全部内容。
在带有all,something,nothing,anything,much等的句子中不能用which,而用that。
Ourfootballteamwasdefeatedagain,whichshowsourplayersneedmuchmoreeffort.
Thefactorynowhasoverl,000workers,halfofwhomarewomen.
Hepromisedtotellusallthatheknew.
Whoseturntomakepresentationisbeyondme.
8连接代词有:
what,who,whom,whose,which,用来连接主语从句、宾语从句和表语从句。
Whoever,whomever,whichever,whatever为复合代词。
Ididn'
tknowwhattodoatthatverymoment.
Thegovernmentsellspublichousestowhoeverprovidesenoughamountofmoney.
WhomeverIworryaboutisnoneofyourbusiness.
Takewhicheveryoulike,please.
形容词与副词
形容词与副词在语法结构上都有比较级和最高级,它们的构成方法基本上一样,都与音节多少有关,有些形容词相副词有特殊的比较级和最高级形式。
二者基本分为同级比较、比较级和最高级三种形式。
1.形容词与副词的用法
l形容词中有词形相近的,应注意区别。
considerate(周到的,体贴的)--considerable(应考虑的) 例如:
WedidenjoyourstayinginBeijing,andMrs.YanisreallyconsiderateProfessor.It'
saconsiderablesuccessforhim.eminent(闻名的)--imminent(紧迫的),gracious(亲切的)--graceful(优雅的),live(有生命的)--aIive(活的),industrious(勤劳的)--industriaI(工业的),like(同样的)--alike(同样的,仅作表语),opposite(相对的)--opposing(反对的),perspective(透视的)--respective(各自的),sensitive(伤感的)--sensible(明显的),etc。
2)形容词中有的词义相近的,也要注意。
如
elemental(初步的)--fundamental(基本的),eligible(合格的)--capable(能干的),flexible(灵活的)--changeable(可改变的),initial(最初的)--preliminary(初步的,预备的),slack(松弛的)--lazy(懒惰的),vaIueless(无价值的)--priceless(无价的),vivid(生动的)--living(
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