语言学Chapter4课后练习答案Word下载.docx
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语言学Chapter4课后练习答案Word下载.docx
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scategory,threecriteriaareusuallyemployed,namelymeaning,inflectionanddistribution.Themostreliableofdeterminingaword’scategoryisitsdistribution.
4.Whatiscoordinatestructureandwhatpropertiesdoesithave?
Thestructureformedbyjoiningtwoormoreelementsofthesametypewiththehelpofaconjunctioniscalledcoordinatestructure.
Ithasfourimportantproperties:
1)thereisnolimitonthenumberofcoordinatedcategoriesthatcanappearpriortotheconjunction.
2)acategoryatanylevelaheadoranentireXPcanbecoordinated.
3)coordinatedcategoriesmustbeofthesametype.
4)thecategorytypeofthecoordinatephraseisidenticaltothecategorytypeoftheelementsbeingconjoined.
5.Whatelementsdoesaphrasecontainandwhatroledoeseachelementplay?
Aphraseusuallycontainsthefollowingelements:
head,specifierandcomplement.Sometimesitalsocontainsanotherkindofelementtermedmodifier.
Theroleeachelementcanplay:
Head:
Headisthewordaroundwhichaphraseisformed.
Specifier:
Specifierhasbothspecialsemanticandsyntacticroles.Semantically,ithelpstomakemoreprecisethemeaningofthehead.Syntactically,ittypicallymarksaphraseboundary.
Complement:
Complementsarethemselvesphrasesandprovideinformationaboutentitiesandlocationswhoseexistenceisimpliedbythemeaningofthehead.
Modifier:
Modifiersspecifyoptionallyexpressiblepropertiesoftheheads.
6.Whatisdeepstructureandwhatissurfacestructure?
Therearetwolevelsofsyntacticstructure.Thefirst,formedbytheXPruleinaccordancewiththehead'
ssubcategorizationproperties,iscalleddeepstructure(orD-structure).Thesecond,correspondingtothefinalsyntacticformofthesentencewhichresultsfromappropriatetransformations,iscalledsurfacestructure(orS-structure).
7.Indicatethecategoryofeachwordinthefollowingsentences.
a)Theoldladygotoffthebuscarefully.
DetANVPDetNAdv
b)Thecarsuddenlycrashedontotheriverbank.
DetNAdvVPDetN
c)Theblindingsnowstormmightdelaytheopeningoftheschools.
DetANAuxVDetNPDetN
d)Thisclothfeelsquitesoft.
DetNVDegA
8.Thefollowingphrasesincludeahead,acomplement,andaspecifier.Drawtheappropriatetreestructureforeachphrase.
a)richinminerals
AP
APP
richinminerals
b)oftenreaddetectivestories
VP
QualVNP
oftenreaddetectivestories
c)theargumentagainsttheproposals
NP
DetNPP
theargumentagainsttheproposals
d)alreadyabovethewindow
PP
DegPNP
alreadyabovethewindow
9.Thefollowingsentencescontainmodifiersofvarioustypes.Foreachsentences,firstidentifythemodifier(s),thendrawthetreesentences.
a)Acrippledpassengerlandedtheairplanewithextremecaution.
Modifiers:
crippled(AdjP),withextremecaution(PP)
S
NPInflVP
DetANPstVNP
PNP
APN
A
Acrippledpassengerlandedtheairplanewithextremecaution
b)Ahugemoonhungintheblacksky.
huge(AdjP),intheblacksky(PP)
DetAPNPstVPP
APNP
DetAPN
Ahugemoonhungintheblacksky
c)Themanexaminedhiscarcarefullyyesterday.
carefully(AdvP),yesterday(AdvP)
DetNPstVNPAdvP
DetNAdvPAdv
Adv
Themanexaminedhiscarcarefullyyesterday
d)Awoodenhutnearthelakecollapsedinthestorm.
wooden(AdjP),inthestorm(PP)
DetAPNPPPstVPP
APNPPNP
DetNDetN
Awoodenhutnearthelakecollapsedinthestorm
10.Thefollowingsentencesallcontainconjoinedcategories.Drawatreestructureforeachofthesentences.
a)Jimhaswashedthedirtyshirtsandpants.
NVNP
DetAPNConN
A
Jimhaswashedthedirtyshirtsandpants
b)Helenputonherclothesandwentout.
NPstVPPConVPP
PNPP
DetN
Helenputonherclothesandwentout
c)Maryisfondofliteraturebuttiredofstatistics.
NPreVAPConAP
APPAPP
PNPPNP
NN
Maryisfondofliteraturebuttiredofstatistics
11.Thefollowingsentencesallcontainembeddedclausesthatfunctionascomplementsofaverb,anadjective,aprepositionoranoun.Drawatreestructureforeachsentence.
a)YouknowthatIhatewar.
NPInflVP
NPreVNP
CP
CS
NPNPreVNP
N
YouknowthatIhatewar
b)GerrybelievesthefactthatAnnaflunkedtheEnglishexam.
DetNCP-
NPNPstVNP
GerrybelievesthefactthatAnnaflunkedtheEnglishexam
c)ChriswashappythathisfatherboughthimaRolls-Royce.
NPInflVP
NPstVAP
ACP
NPNPInflVP
DetNPstVNP
NDetN
ChriswashappythathisfatherboughthimaRoll-Royce
d)Thechildrenarguedoverwhetherbatshadwings.
DetNPstVPP
PCP
NPluVNP
Thechildrenarguedoverwhetherbatshadwings
12.Eachofthefollowingsentencescontainsarelativeclause.Drawthedeepstructureandthesurfacestructureforeachofthesesentences.
a)Theessaythathewrotewasexcellent.
DeepStructure:
DetNCPPstVAP
CSAuxA
NPstVNP
Theessayhewrotethatwasexcellent
SurfaceStructure:
NNPstVNP
Theessaythathewroteewasexcellent
b)Herbertboughtahousethatsheloved.
DeepStructure:
DetNCP
Herbertboughtahouseshelovedthat
Herbertboughtahousethatshelovede
c)Thegirlwhomheadoresmajorsinlinguistics.
CS
DetNCPPreVPP
CSPNP
NPInflVPN
NPreVNP
Thegirlheadoreswhommajorsinlinguistics
NPCSPNP
NNPreVNP
Thegirlwhomheadoresemajorsinlinguistics
13.Thederivationsofthefollowingsentencesinvolvetheinversiontransformation.Givethedeepstructureandthesurfacestructureofeachsentence.
a)Wouldyoucometomorrow?
NAuxVAdvP
Youwouldcometomorrow
InflNPInflVP
AuxNAuxVAdvP
WouldYouecometomorrow
b)WhatdidHelenbringtotheparty?
CP
NPP
PDetNP
Helendidbringwhattotheparty
NPInflNPInflVP
NPstNPstVNP
WhatdidHelenebringetotheparty
c)Whobrokethewindow?
Whobrokethewindow
Whoebrokethewindow
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