专四语法总结Word文档下载推荐.docx
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专四语法总结Word文档下载推荐.docx
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①"
must+完成式”表示过去必定发生过的事情,是对发生在过去的一种行为的推测。
②“should(或oughtto)+完成式”表示一个应该在过去做,而没有做的动作,它往往带有埋怨和后悔的情绪。
注:
表示瞬间行为动词come,join,finish,marry,return等不能和表示延续的时间状语连用,只能用系动词加表语结构来代替。
Hehasbeenbackforoveraweek.(不能用hascomeback)/Ihavebeeninthearmyforthreeyears.(不能用havejoined)。
4.现在完成进行时:
现在完成进行时表示动作从过去某一时间开始,一直延续到现在,可能还要继续下去,通常与表示一段时间的状语连用。
Allthemorning,forhours,sincethismorning…/Theyhavebeenwatchingtelevisionfortwohours./Hehasbeenwritingletterssincethismorning.
5.过去完成时:
1)过去完成时,表示在过去某—时刻或动作以前已经完成的动作.即”过去的过去”.常用的信号词有by(到……时候为止),before等介词短语或用unless,when,after,once,assoonas等连词引起的表示到过去某—时间为止的时间状语来表示.
2)过去完成时常用在“nosooner…than”和“hardly…when(before)”等句型的主句中,从句中常用一般过去时。
Bytheendoflastyear,Ihadworkedinthiscollegefortenyears./Nosoonerhadhefinishedhisperformancethantheaudiencebegantocheer.(=Hehadnosooner…than…)(他刚表演完,观众就喝彩)
语态注意事项:
7.有些动词以主动形式出现,却有被动含义。
如:
Theknifecutswell./Nylonunderwearwasheseasily.尼龙内衣容易洗/Thenovelswrittenbytheyoungmansellwell.那个年青人写的小说销路好/Thisball-penwritesinfourcolours.这支圆珠笔可以写出四种颜色/Thenotereadsasfollows”…”.字条上写着:
”……”
8.短语动词构成的被动语态中,介词或副词不可省略。
如:
Moreschoolsandhospitalswillbesetupinthenearfuture./Theoldwomanhasbeenoperatedon.(这位老妇人已经动过了手术)/Thepursewaspickedupandhandedtothepolice.
此外,固定搭配“动词+名词+介词”习语中,介词也不能省掉。
Timemustbemadegooduseof./Lesscleverchildrenshouldnotbemadefunof.
9.如果宾补是不带to的不定式,在被动态中,主补的不定式必须带to.如:
Hisparentsmakehimstudyhard./Heismadetostudyhard.
10.在want,need,desire,require和形容词worth
worth+doing后,动名词的主动形式表示被动意义.如:
Thehousewantsrepairing(=toberepaired)./Thepointdeservesmentioning(tobementioned)./Thenovelisworthreading.(=Thenovelisworthytoberead.=Thenovelisworthyofbeingreading.=Itisworthwhiletoreadthenovel.)
II.虚拟语气
1.虚拟语气三大公式:
条件句
主句
与现在事实相反
If主语+were…
If主语+v-ed…
主语+should(would,could,might)+v…
与过去事实相反
If+主语+haddone
主语+should(would,could,might)+havedone
与将来事实相反
If+主语+v-ed
If+主语+shoulddo
If+主语+weretodo
主语+should(would,could,might)+do
IfJohnwereherenow(=wereJohnherenow,)hewouldexplainit.
Ifyouhadaskedmeearlier,Iwouldhavetoldyou.(=Hadyouaskedmeearlier,Iwouldhavetoldyou.)/Ifitrainedtomorrow(=Ifitshouldraintomorrow=Shoulditraintomorrow=Ifitweretoraintomorrow=Wereittoraintomorrow),Iwouldstayathome.
2.有时条件从句和主句时态可以不一致,这叫混合条件虚拟语气.如:
Ifyouwereinbetterhealth,wewouldhaveallowedyoutojointheminthework.(如果你身体好一些,我们就会让你参加他们一道干这工作了).
Ifyouhadtakenthemedicine(表示与过去相反,即:
”要是你当时吃了的话”),youwouldbewellnow(表示与现在相反,即:
”你现在已好了”).含意是:
Youdidn’ttakethemedicine,soyouarenotwellnow.
Ifthecriminalwerehonest,hewouldhaveconfessedlongago.
Iftheweatherhadbeenmorefavourable,thecropswouldbegrowingstillbetter.如果过去天气好一些,现在庄稼还会长得更好.
3.在动词Ifonly,wish,wouldrather,wouldsooner,asif(though)后的句子中谓语动词要用虚拟结构.
Ifonly…
Wish/wouldrather/…asif(though)
V-ed(be用were)
hadbeen
Ifonly(=Iwish)Ihadnotcheatedintheexamination./IwishIwereasstrongasyou./IwishIrememberedtheaddress./Hewisheswewouldtryagain./Iwouldrathertheycametomorrow.Heoftentalksasifheweremyfather./Helooksasifhehadbeenill.(Buthehasnotbeenill)
注意:
asif(though)不一定非使用虚拟语气。
4.主语+V.+that主语+(should)do
V主要有:
表示建议(propose,suggest,urge,advise,recommend,move),表示要求(ask,require,request,demand,insist,desire,maintain),表示命令(command,order),表示安排(arrange),表示决定(resolve,decide)等.
I suggest we (should)set off straight away./Thechairmanproposedthatwe(should)discussthequestion./Moststudentsinsistthatthey(should)havemoreEnglishlessons.
(1)suggest表示“说明”时后面不用虚拟语气。
/suggest+doingsth.
(2)insist,maintain表示“坚持认为”时后面不用虚拟语气。
表示“坚决要求”必须用虚拟语气。
5.在Itis(was)+adj.+that主语+(should)do
adj.主要有:
necessary,essential,important,vital,urgent,natural,desired,suggested,requested,ordered,proposed,desirable,advisable,strange等。
Itisimportantthattheory(should)becloselycombinedwithpractice./Ithasbeendecidedthatthemeeting(should)bepostponedtillnextSaturday.
6.It’s(high,about)timethatwedid(were)的句型中要用过去时
Itishightime(that)webegantowork.
7.句型:
Butfor(=Ifitwerenotbeenfor)+n.,主语+should(would,could)+V//Butfor(=Ifithadnotbeenfor)+n.,主语+should(would,could)havedone
Butforyourguidance(Ifitwerenotbeenforyourguidance),wewould/shouldfail./Butforyourhelp(=Ifithadnotbeenforyourhelp),Iwouldhavefailedinthefinalexams.
8.lest(forfearthat/incase)+主语+(should)do
Wedidn’ttelltheoldwomanthebadnewsforfearthatshe(should)breakdown.
9.主语+would(ratherthat)+从句主语+V.的过去式+其他成分
Wewouldratherthatyoutoldtheoldwomanthebadnews.
Wewouldyoutoldtheoldwomanthebadnews.
III.情态动词
1.needn’t+不定式完成式:
表示本来不必做而实际已经做的行为.
Youneedn’thavecomeoveryourself.你不必亲自来.
2.情态动词+havedone及其它
1)could+havedone表示与事实相反
2)might+havedone表示未实现的行为
3)needn’t+havedone表示做了不该做的事情
4)must+havedone表示对过去行为的肯定推测
5)should+havedone表示该做而未做到的事
6)shouldnot+havedone表示做了不该做的事
Hecouldhavehelpedme,buthedidn’t.他能帮助我,但他没有./Youmighthavedonetheworkbetter.你本来可以把工作做得更好./Youneedn’thavecomeoveryourself.你本来不必亲自过。
/Itmusthaverainedlastnight,forthegroundiswet./Theyshouldhavemadeagoodjobofit.他们本来可把工作做好。
/Youshouldnothavedonesuchthings.你不该干出这种事情来.
表示对过去行为的否定推测为can’thavedone,而非mustn’thavedone.
3.shall/should(oughtto);
will/would
1)shall在疑问句中用于第一、三人称单复数表示征求意见、表示询问和请示.如:
WhatshallIdonow?
/Shallwegoforawalk?
我们去散步好吗?
/Shallhecometomorrow?
你要他明天来吗?
2)shal1用于二、三人称可表示说话人给对方”命令”、”警告”、”允诺”、”威胁”等概念.作:
”必须”、”可”、”该”解.如:
YoushallhavethebookassoonIfinishit.(允诺)/Heshalldoit,whetherhewantstoornot.不管他愿意不愿意,他必须做这项工作.(命令)/Youshallnotleavetotheothers.你不可以将它留给其他人.(警告)
3)should除了表示”应当”,”该”解之外,还表示推测:
作”可能”、”该”解.还表示出乎意外,"
居然"
"
竟然"
.如:
Thebookshouldbeinthereading-room./Ineverthoughtsheshouldhavedonethis.
4)will/would
(1)可用于各种人称表示”意愿”,”意志”和”决心”等。
Iwilldomybest.(决意)/Letherdothat,ifshewill.(意愿)
(2)表示习惯性动作”总是”,”惯于”.如:
Assoonashegetshome,hewill(would)turnontheradio.
①would在表示意志或向对方请求时,语气比will婉转,指的是现在时.如:
Wouldyoupleasepassmethebook?
②在日常生活中,Iwouldlike和Ishouldlike都可以说.。
Ishould(would)liketohavealookatyourcoat.
4.可以看作情态动词的短语
1)usedto+V表示"
过去经常"
;
而beusedtodoing表示"
习惯于
2)hadbetter+V表示”最好是”、”不如…之意
3)hadrather+V…than和wouldrather+V…than表示”宁肯…不愿”之意。
Wewould/hadratherdiethanyield.
IV.非谓语动词
一、不定式和动名词的区别:
动名词表示:
笼统、泛指的意思/抽象或经常性的动作/已成为过去或经验之谈
不定式表示:
一时性的具体的或特定的动作/现在或将来的动作
Smokingisprohibitedhere.(抽象)
Itisnotverygoodforyoutosmokesomuch.(具体)
Drivingacarduringtherushhouristiring.(经验)
Tostudyabroadhaslongbeenmydream.(一件尚未完成的事情)
二、非谓语的句型
(1)Ittakessb.+sometime+todo=sb.spendsometime(in)doing
(2)Itis+adj.+forsb.+todo
(3)Itis+adj.+ofsb.+todo(常用的形容词有:
kind,nice,considerate,thoughtful,stupid,wise等.
(4)Itis+nouse,nogood,nopoint,agreatfun,arealpleasure,awasteoftime,abore等名词+(in)doingsth.如:
Itisagreatfunplayingfootball./Itisawasteoftimetryingtoexplain./Itisnogoodhelpinghim./Thereisnopointintalkingwithyou.
What’sthepointoftalkingwithyou?
(5)Thereisno+doing..(Thereisno表示”不可能”)
Thereisnotellingwhatheisgoingtodo.说出他要干什么是不可能的./Thereisnosayingwhatmayhappen.说出要发生什么是不可能的.
(6)havedifficulty(trouble,fun,ahardtime,agoodtime)+(in)+doingsth.
(7)go+doing,表示短暂而又愉快的户外活动
go+jogging(慢跑)/fishing/dancing/skating/bowling(打保龄球)/shopping/sightseeing/camping/surfing(冲浪)
(8)bebusy+doing=bebusywithsth.忙着做…
sb.spend…time(money,energy)indoingsth.
三、V1+V2的模式
1.V1+V2(todo)
afford负担得起hope希望pretend假装appear似乎
intend企图promise答应arrange安排like喜欢
refuse拒绝attempt试图learn学会try试图
decide决定long渴望want想要desire欲得到
manage设法wish希望expect期望mean打算
fail未能offer表示要happen碰巧plan计划
2.V1+V2(doing)
admit承认imagine想象appreciate赞赏,感激
mind介意avoid避免,避开miss错过
complete完成postpone推迟,延期consider考虑
practice实践delay耽搁,延误resist忍住
endure忍受risk冒风险enjoy享……之乐,喜爱
suggest建议escape逃跑insiston坚持
excuse原谅giveup放弃objectto反对
can’thelp禁不住putoff延期等
Headmittedhavingmademistake./Wouldyouconsidergoingnorththissummer?
/Theyhavefinishedtheirstudying.
3.V1+V2(介词+doing)
succeedin成功地
4.V1+V2(todo或doing),但语义不同
(1)forgettodo忘记要去做某事(此事未做)/forgetdoing忘记做过某事(此事已做过或已发生)
(2)stoptodo停止、中断(某件事),目的是去做另一件事/stopdoing停止正在或经常做的事
(3)remembertodo记住去做某事(未做)
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