美国文学名词解释Word下载.docx

美国文学名词解释Word下载.docx

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Transcendentalismwasagroupofnewideasinliterature,religion,cultureandphilosophythatemergedinNewEnglandintheearlytomiddle19thcentury.TranscendentalistsspokeforculturalrejuvenationandagainstthematerialismofAmericansociety.Itplacedemphasisonspirit,ortheOversoul,asthemostimportantthingintheworld.ItstressedtheimportanceofindividualandofferedafreshperceptionnatureadsymbolicofthespiritofGod.ProminenttranscendentalistsincludedRalphWaldoEmersonandHenryDavidThorough.

AmericanNaturalism自然主义:

Americannaturalismwasanewandharsherrealism.Thenaturalistsattempttoachieveextremeobjectivityandfrankness,presentingcharactersoflowsocialandeconomicclasseswhoweredeterminedby

bytheAmericanwriterGertrudeStein,whoused“alostgeneration”torefertoexpatriateAmericansbitterabouttheirWorldWarIexperiencesanddisillusionedwithAmericansociety.HemingwaylaterusedthephraseasanepigraphforhisnovelTheSunAlsoRises.ItconsistedofmanyinfluentialAmericanwriters,includingErnestHemingway,F.ScottFitzgerald,WilliamCarlosWilliamsandArchibaldMacLeish.

TheLostGeneration（迷惘的一代）：

ThelostgenerationisatermfirstusedbySteintodescribethepost-warIgenerationofAmericanwriters:

menandwomenhauntedbyasenseofbetrayalandemptinessbroughtaboutbythedestructivenessofthewar.2>

fullofyouthfulidealism,theseindividualssoughtthemeaningoflife,drankexcessively,hadloveaffairsandcreatedsomeofthefinestAmericanliteraturetodate.3>

thethreebest-knownrepresentativesoflostgenerationareF.ScottFitzgerald,HemingwayandJohndosPassos.

Tragedy:

ingeneral,aliteraryworkinwhichtheprotagonistmeetsanunhappyordisastrousend.Unlikecomedy,tragedydepictstheactionsofacentralcharacterwhoisusuallydignifiedorheroic.Throughaseriesofevents,thistragicheroisbroughttoafinaldownfall.Thecausesofthetragichero’sdownfallvary.Intraditionaldramas,thecausecanbefate,aflawincharacteroranerrorinjudgment.Inmoderndramas,wherethetragicheroisoftenanordinaryindividual,thecausesrangefrommoralorpsychologicalweaknesstotheevilsofsociety.

Catch-22第22条军规:

Catch-22isageneralcritiqueofbureaucraticoperationandreasoning.Resultingfromitsspecificuseinthebook,thephrase"

Catch-22"

iscommonidiomaticusagemeaning"

ano-winsituation"

or"

adoublebind"

ofanytype.ThetermwasoriginallyfromJosephHeller’santinovelCatch-22.

BeatGeneration垮掉的一代:

groupofAmericanwritersofthe1950swhosewritingexpressedprofounddissatisfactionwithcontemporaryAmericansocietyandendorsedanalternativesetofvalues.Thetermsometimesisusedtorefertothosewhoembracedtheideasofthesewriters.TheBeatGeneration'

sbest-knownfigureswerewritersAllenGinsbergandJackKerouac.

TheBeatGeneration（垮掉的一代）:

ThemembersofTheBeatGenerationwerenewbohemianlibertines.Whoengagedinaspontaneous,sometimesmessy,creativity.2>

TheBeatwritersproducedabodyofwrittenworkcontroversialbothforitsadvocacyofnon-conformityandforitsnon-conformingstyle.3>

themajorbeatwritingsareAllenGinsberg’showl.HowlbecamethemanifestoofTheBeatGeneration.

PsychologicalRealism心理现实主义:

itistherealisticwritingthatprobesdeeplyintothecomplexitiesofcharacters’thoughtsandmotivations.Itplacesmorethantheusualamountofemphasisoninteriorcharacterizationandonthemotives,andinternalactionwhichspringsfromanddevelopsexternalaction.InPsychologicalRealism,characterandcharacterizationaremorethanusuallyimportant.HenryJamesisconsideredagreatmasterofpsychologicalrealism.

FreeVerse自由诗体:

freeverseispoetrythathasanirregularrhythmandlinelengthandthatattemptstoavoidanypredeterminedversestructure,instead,itusesthecadencesofnaturalspeech.Whileitalternatesstressedandunstressedsyllablesasstricterverseformdo,freeversedosesoinalooserway.WaltWhitman’spoetryisanexampleoffreeverse.

ConfessionalPoetry自白诗:

itisatypeofmodernpoetryinwhichpoetsspeakwithopennessandfranknessabouttheirownlives,suchasinpoemsaboutillness,sexualityanddespondence.RobertLowell,SylviaPlathandAllenGinsbergandTheodoreRoethkearethemostimportantAmericanpoets.

Imagism意象派:

The1920ssawavigorousliteraryactivityinAmerica.InpoetrythereappearedastrongreactionagainstVictorianpoetry.Imagistsplacedprimaryrelianceontheuseofprecise,sharpimagesasameansofpoeticexpressionandstressedprecisioninthechoiceofwords,freedominthechoiceofsubjectmatterandform,andtheuseofcolloquiallanguage.Mostoftheimagistpoetswroteinfreeverse,usingsuchdevicesasassonanceandalliterationratherthanformalmetricalschemestogivestructuretotheirpoetry.ThemovementwhichhadtheseasitsaimsisknowninliteraryhistoryasImagism.ItsprimemoverwasEzraPound.

Imagism（意象主义）：

ImagismcameintobeinginBritainandU.Saround1910asareactiontothetraditionalEnglishpoetrytoexpressthesenseoffragmentationanddislocation.2>

theimagists,withEzraPoundleadingtheway,holdthatthemosteffectivemeanstoexpressthesemomentaryimpressionsisthroughtheuseofonedominantimage.3>

imagismischaracterizedbythefollowingthreepoeticprinciples:

A.directtreatmentofsubjectmatter;

B.economyofexpression;

C.asregardsrhythm,tocomposeinthesequenceofthemusicalphrase,notinthesequenceofmetronome.4>

pound’sInaStationoftheMetroisawell-knowninagistpoem.

BlackHumor:

theuseofmorbidandtheabsurdfordarklycomicpurposesinmodernfictionanddrama.Thetermrefersasmuchtothetoneofangerandbitternessasitdoestothegrotesqueandmorbidsituations,whichoftendealwithsuffering,anxiety,anddeath.BlackhumorisasubstantialelementintheAnti-novelandtheTheatreofAbsurd.JosephHeller'

sCatch-22isanalmostarchetypalexample.

Irony:

acontrastoranincongruitybetweenwhatisstatedandwhatisreallymeant,orbetweenwhatisexpectedtohappenandwhatactuallyhappensindramaandliterature.Therearetypesofirony:

verbalirony,dramaticironyandironyofsituation.Ironyofsituationtypicallytakestheformofadiscrepancybetweenappearanceandreality,orbetweenwhatacharacterexpectsandwhatactuallyhappens.Bothverbalandironyofsituationsharethesuggestionofaconcealedtruthconflictingwithsurfaceappearances.

Allusion:

Areferencetoaperson,aplace,anevent,oraliteraryworkthatawriterexpectsthereadertorecognizeandrespondto.Anallusionmaybedrawnfromhistory,geography,literature,orreligion.

Satire讽刺:

Akindofwritingthatholdsuptoridiculeorcontempttheweaknessesandwrongdoingsofindividuals,groups,institutions,orhumanityingeneral.Theaimofsatiristsistosetamoralstandardforsociety,andtheyattempttopersuadethereadertoseetheirpointofviewthroughtheforceoflaughter.

Symbol:

Asymbolisasignwhichsuggestsmorethanitsliteralmeaning.Inotherwords,asymbolisbothliteralandfigurative.Asymbolisawayoftellingastoryandawayofconveyingmeaning.Thebestsymbolsarethosethatarebelievableinthelivesofthecharactersandalsoconvincingastheyconveyameaningbeyondtheliterallevelofthestory.Ifthesymbolisobscureorambiguous,thentheveryobscurityandtheambiguitymayalsobepartofthemeaningofthestory.

Symbolism:

Symbolismisthewritingtechniqueofusingsymbols.It’saliterarymovementthataroseinFranceinthelasthalfofthe19thcenturyandthatgreatlyinfluencedmanyEnglishwriters,particularlypoets,ofthe20thcentury.Itenablespoetstocompressaverycomplexideaorsetofideasintooneimageorevenoneword.It’soneofthemostpowerfuldevicesthatpoetsemployincreation.

Streamofconsciousness（意识流）（orinteriormonologue）;

Inliterarycriticism,Streamofconsciousnessdenotesaliterarytechniquewhichseekstodescribeanindividual’spointofviewbygivingthewrittenequivalentofthecharacter’sthoughtprocesses.Streamofconsciousnesswritingisstronglyassociatedwiththemodernistmovement.Itsintroductionintheliterarycontext,transferredfrompsychology,isattributedtoMaySinclair.Streamofconsciousnesswritingisusuallyregardedasaspecialformofinteriormonologueandischaracterizedbyassociativeleapsinsyntaxandpunctuationthatcanmaketheprosedifficulttofollow,tracingastheydoacharacter’sfragmentarythoughtsandsensoryfeelings.famouswriterstoemploythistechniqueintheenglishlanguageincludeJamesJoyceandWilliamFaulkner.

Americanrealism：

（美国现实主义）Realismwasareactionagai