托福入门阅读Lesson4Word文档下载推荐.docx
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托福入门阅读Lesson4Word文档下载推荐.docx
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*关键在于识别平行概念及内容,也不一定为平行结构
3.否定及转折(考率极高的文章内容)
But,Yet,Nevertheless,However等
*规律:
否定关联,后面内容必定
4.特殊写法:
文章中与众不同写法
1)用词特殊(如:
科技文章中色彩词)
2)复,长句(作者改写考率高)
3)距离原则
4)专有人称(第一次引入位置必考)
5)破折号——表示解释与强调
6)括号(□)解释与定义
7)引号/冒号/惊叹号等写作手法
*文章中,特殊写法在每篇文章中出现较少,但极重要
5.每段主题句(这也是归纳主题的关键位置)
出现于每一段第一句
情型:
A)if□,□答案
B)not,正向为主
C)定义句
6.每篇文章最后一句(托福中一般必考)
文章最后一题对最后一句
7.最高级及作者强烈肯定
1)最高级词汇:
all,every,each,only
2)连作者自己也觉得明显:
apparent,clearly,evidently,obvious
3)作者认为“重要”:
important,impressive,remarkable
4)作者语气“坚决”:
surely,certainly,inevitable,byallmeans
5)插入语:
thatis,namely
*凡出现该种模式词汇必考
8.因果句及因果关联
1)连词:
because,since,so
2)动词:
cause,originatefrom,derivefrom
3)名词:
consequence,result,basis
*因果句在托福考题中出现的考点是推理题
9.比较级及比喻
1)such…as/like/compare
2)夸张的比较:
agooddeal,more,verymuchalike
10.转换语气句
(主要体现在“不是…而是…“)
Not…but/instead/notsomuch…thanrather/not…infact
PartTwo:
Exercise
5.FactualInformationQuestion
1Accordingtoparagraph,whichofthefollowingistrueofX?
2Theauthor’sdescriptionofXmentionswhichofthefollowing?
3Accordingtotheparagraph,Xoccurredbecause
4Accordingtotheparagraph,XdidYbecause
5Accordingtotheparagraph,whydidXdoY?
6Theauthor’sdescriptionofXmentionswhichofthefollowing?
1)细节的出现方式
a.直接支持细节对TS进行深入阐述,进一步展开概念
b.间接支持细节通常用举例的方式对TS进行生动形象的说明。
Ture/False考察对细节的辨别能力
2)细节的考察方式
True/False对细节辨析能力
Given/Notgiven扫读,寻读except
3)
1选项中出现的极端选项可以首先候选:
only,few,little,every,any,all,no,never,none,thebest/most,completely,totally,absolutely
2错误逻辑问题
a.利用原文中已有的信息点引人原文中未出现的信息点
b.虚假比较在原文中有两个信息点建立虚假的逻辑关系:
More/less…than,as…but,compare,contrast
3两种情况
a.极端此和比较前出现否定词
b.原文中确实出现极端和优先词
3干扰项设置原理
a.程度过于极端
b.原文信息+虚假逻辑
c.原文信息但是无关
d.原文信息+外来信息
e.合理但是未提到的内容
正确选项
a.同义改写
b.关键词原文重现
4定位词辨别
定位词可以减少文章的阅读时间,有些段落内容可以会涉及到两个或者两个以上的信息点,而题目只需要对其中一个信息点的内容加以提问
定位词大多是名词或者专有名词
5题型设置
True题型
a.定位关键词15,16,17,19,8,20,22
b.时间,数字,地点11,18
c.相反逻辑(错误选项)7,8
d.无关信息(但是信息正确)7,8
e.限定词,极端,最高级定位3,4,21
Because因果题型
关键词:
11,5
找出因果信息点:
6,7
主旨句:
4,10
上下句:
1,2,3,5,8,9
Why同义改写
定位比较常见
1.Thecinemadidnotemergeasaformofmassconsumptionuntilitstechnologyevolvedfromtheinitial"
peepshow"
formattothepointwhereimageswereprojectedonascreeninadarkenedtheater.Inthepeepshowformat,afilmwasviewedthroughasmallopeninginamachinethatwascreatedforthatpurpose.ThomasEdison'
speepshowdevice,theKinetoscope,wasintroducedtothepublicin1894.ItwasdesignedforuseinKinetoscopeparlors,orarcades,whichcontainedonlyafewindividualmachinesandpermittedonlyonecustomertoviewashort,50-footfilmatanyonetime.ThefirstKinetoscopeparlorscontainedfivemachines.Forthepriceof25cents(or5centspermachine),customersmovedfrommachinetomachinetowatchfivedifferentfilms(or,inthecaseoffamousprizefights,successiveroundsofasinglefight).
1.Accordingtoparagraph1,allofthefollowingweretrueofviewingfilmsinKinetoscopeparlors
EXCEPT:
Oneindividualatatimeviewedafilm.
Customerscouldviewonefilmafteranother.
Prizefightswerethemostpopularsubjectsforfilms.
Eachfilmwasshort.
musclesofthesefishesandthemechanismthatmaintainsawarmbodytemperaturearealsohighlyefficient.Abluefintunainwaterof7°
C(45°
F)canmaintainacoretemperatureofover25°
C(77°
F).Thiswarmbodytemperaturemayhelpnotonlythemusclestoworkbetter,butalsothebrainandtheeyes.Thebillfisheshavegoneonestepfurther.Theyhaveevolvedspecial"
heaters"
ofmodifiedmuscletissuethatwarmtheeyesandbrain,maintainingpeakperformanceofthesecriticalorgans.
Accordingtoparagraph9,whichofthefollowingistrueofbluefintunas?
Theireyesandbrainaremoreefficientthanthoseofanyotherfish.
Theirbodytemperaturecanchangegreatlydependingonthewatertemperature.
Theycanswiminwatersthataremuchcolderthantheirownbodies.
Theyhavespecialmuscletissuethatwarmstheireyesandbrain.
3.Mostpeopleconsiderthelandscapetobeunchanging,butEarthisadynamicbody,anditssurfaceiscontinuallyaltering-slowlyonthehumantimescale,butrelativelyrapidlywhencomparedtothegreatageofEarth(about4,500billionyears).Therearetwoprincipalinfluencesthatshapetheterrain:
constructiveprocessessuchasuplift,whichcreatenewlandscapefeatures,anddestructiveforcessuchaserosion,whichgraduallywearawayexposedlandforms.
Accordingtoparagraph1,whichofthefollowingstatementsistrueofchangesinEarth'
slandscape?
Theyoccurmoreoftenbyupliftthanbyerosion
Theyoccuronlyatspecialtimes.
Theyoccurlessfrequentlynowthantheyoncedid.
Theyoccurquicklyingeologicalterms.
powerhasasignificantcostadvantageovernuclearpowerandhasbecomecompetitivewithcoal-firedpowerplantsinmanyplaces.Withnewtechnologicaladvancesandmassproduction,projectedcostdeclinesshouldmakewindpoweroneoftheworld’scheapestwaystoproduceelectricity.Inthelongrun,electricityfromlargewindfarmsinremoteareasmightbeusedtomakehydrogengasfromwaterduringperiodswhenthereislessthanpeakdemandforelectricity.Thehydrogengascouldthenbefedintoastoragesystemandusedtogenerateelectricitywhenadditionalorbackuppowerisneeded.
Accordingtoparagraph3,whichofthefollowingistrueaboutperiodswhenthedemandforelectricityisrelativelylow?
Theseperiodsaretimeswhenwindturbinesarepoweredbyhydrogengas.
Theseperiodsprovidetheopportunitytoproduceandstoreenergyforfutureuse.
Theseperiodscreatestorageproblemsforallformsofpowergeneration.
Theseperiodsoccurasoftenasperiodswhenthedemandforelectricityishigh.
5.Thisimpactreleasedanenormousamountofenergy,excavatingacraterabouttwiceaslargeasthelunarcraterTycho.Theexplosionliftedabout100trilliontonsofdustintotheatmosphere,ascanbedeterminedbymeasuringthethicknessofthesedimentlayerformedwhenthisdustsettledtothesurface.Suchaquantityofmaterialwouldhaveblockedthesunlightcompletelyfromreachingthesurface,plungingEarthintoaperiodofcoldanddarknessthatlastedatleastseveralmonths.TheexplosionisalsocalculatedtohaveproducedvastquantitiesofnitricacidandmeltedrockthatsprayedoutovermuchofEarth,startingwidespreadfiresthatmusthaveconsumedmostterrestrialforestsandgrassland.Presumably,thoseenvironmentaldisasterscouldhavebeenresponsibleforthemassextinction,includingthedeathofthedinosaurs.
Accordingtoparagraph4,allofthefollowingstatementsaretrueoftheimpactattheendoftheCretaceousperiodEXCEPT:
AlargeamountofdustblockedsunlightfromEarth.
Earthbecamecoldanddarkforseveralmonths.
NewelementswereformedinEarth'
scrust.
Largequantitiesofnitricacidwereproduced.
6.Attheuppertimberlinethetreesbegintobecometwistedanddeformed.Thisisparticularlytruefortreesinthemiddleandupperlatitudes,whichtendtoattaingreaterheightsonridges,whereasinthetropicsthetreesreachtheirgreaterheightsinthevalleys.Thisisbecausemiddle-andupper-latitudetimberlinesarestronglyinfluencedbythedurationanddepthofthesnowcover.Asthesnowisdeeperandlastslongerinthevalleys,treestendtoattaingreaterheightsontheridges,eventhoughtheyaremoreexposedtohigh-velocitywindsandpoor,thinsoilsthere.Inthetropics,thevalleysappeartobemorefavorablebecausetheyarelesspronetodryout,theyhavelessfrost,andtheyhavedeepersoils.
Accordingtoparagraph3,whichofthefollowingistrueoftreesinthemiddleandupperlatitudes?
Treegrowthisnegativelyaffectedbythesnowcoverinvalleys.
Treegrowthisgreaterinvalleysthanonridges.
Treegrowthonridgesisnotaffectedbyhigh-velocitywinds.
Treegrowthlastslongerinthoselatitudesthanitdoesinthetropics.
7.Themoststrikingcharacteristicoftheplantsofthealpinezoneistheirlowgrowthform.Thisenablesthemtoavoidtheworstrigorsofhighwindsandpermitsthemtomakeuseofthehighertemperaturesimmediatelyadjacenttothegroundsurface.Inanareawherelowtemperaturesarelimitingtolife,theimportanceoftheadditionalheatnearthesurfaceiscrucial.Thelowgrowthformcanalsopermittheplantstotakeadvantageoftheinsulationprovidedbyawintersnowcover.Intheequatorialmountainsthelowgrowthformislessprevalent.
Accordingtoparagraph6,allofthefollowingstatementsaretrueofplantsinthealpinezoneEXCEPT:
Becausetheyarelow,theyarelessexposedtostrongwinds.
Becausetheyarelow,thewintersnowcovergivesthemmoreprotectionfromtheextremecold.
Intheequatorialmountains,theytendtobelowerthaninmountainselsewhere.
Theirlowgrowthformkeepsthemclosertotheground,wherethereismoreheatthanfurtherup.
8.Architectureistheartandscienceofdesigningstructuresthatorganizeandenclosespaceforpracticalandsymbolicpurposes.Becausearchitecturegrowsoutofhumanneedsandaspirations,itclearlycommunicatesculturalvalues.Ofallthevisualarts,architectureaffectsourlivesmostdirectlyforitdeterminesthecharacterofthehumanenvironmentinmajor
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