四川大学考博英语入学考试真题及答案Word格式文档下载.docx
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四川大学考博英语入学考试真题及答案Word格式文档下载.docx
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Directions:
Readthefollowingsixpassages.Answerthequestionsbeloweachpassagebychoosing[A],[B],[C],or[D].WriteyouranswersontheAnswerSheet.
PassageOne
Ingeneral,oursocietyisbecomingoneofgiantenterprisesdirectedbyabureaucraticmanagementinwhichmanbecomesasmall,well-oiledcoginthemachinery.Theoilingisdonewithhigherwages,Nell-ventilatedfactoriesandpipedmusic,andbypsychologistsand“human-relations”experts;
yetallthisoilingdoesnotalterthefactthatmanhasbecomepowerless,thatheisboredwithit.Infact,theblueandthewhite-collarworkershavebecomeeconomicpuppetswhodancetothetuneofautomatedmachinesandbureaucraticmanagement.
Theworkerandemployeeareanxious,notonlybecausetheymightfindthemselvesoutofajob;
theyareanxiousalsobecausetheyareunabletoacquireanyrealsatisfactionofinterestinglife.Theyliveanddiewithouteverhavingconfrontedthefundamentalrealitiesofhumanexistenceasemotionallyandintellectuallyindependentandproductivehumanbeings.
Thosehigheruponthesocialladderarenolessanxious.Theirlivesarenolessemptythanthoseoftheirsubordinates.Theyareevenmoreinsecureinsomerespects.Theyareinahighlycompetitiverace.Tobepromotedortofallbehindisnotamatterofsalarybutevenmoreamatterofself-respect.Whentheyapplyfortheirfirstjob,theyaretestedforintelligenceaswellasfortherightmixtureofsubmissivenessandindependence.Fromthemomentontheyaretestedagainandagain-bythepsychologists,forwhomtestingisabigbusiness,andbytheirsuperiors,whojudgetheirbehavior,sociability,capacitytogetalong,etc.Thisconstantneedtoprovethatoneisasgoodasorbetterthanone’sfellow-competitorcreatesconstantanxietyandstress,theverycausesofunhappinessandillness.
AmIsuggestingthatweshouldreturntothepreindustrialmodeofproductionortonineteenth-century“freeenterprise”capitalism?
Certainlynot.Problemstheneversolvedbyreturningtoastagewhichonehasalreadyoutgrown.Isuggesttransformingoursocialsystemform,abureaucraticallymanagedindustrialisminwhichmaxima,productionandconsumptionareendsinthemselves,intoahumanistindustrialisminwhichmanandfulldevelopmentofhispotentialities-thoseofallloveandofreason-aretheaimsofsocialarrangements.Productionandconsumptionshouldserveonlyasmeanstothisendandshouldbepreventedfromrulingman.
1.By“awell-oiledcoginthemachinery”theauthorintendstodelivertheideathatmanis____.
[A]anecessarypartofthesocietythougheachindividual’sfunctionisnegligible
[B]workingincompleteharmonywiththerestofthesociety
[C]anunimportantpartincomparisonwiththerestofthesociety
[D]ahumblecomponentofthesociety,especiallywhenworkingsmoothly
2.Therealcauseoftheanxietyoftheworkersandemployeesisthat____.
[A]theyarelikelytolosetheirjobs
[B]theyhavenogenuinesatisfactionorinterestinlife
[C]theyarefacedwiththefundamentalrealitiesofhumanexistence
[D]theyaredeprivedoftheirindividualityandindependence
3.Fromthepassagewecanconcludethatrealhappinessoflifebelongstothose____.
[A]whoareatthebottomofthesociety
[B]whoarehigherupintheirsocialstatus
[C]whoprovebetterthantheirfellow-competitors
[D]whocoulddipfirawayfromthiscompetitiveworld
4.Tosolvethepresentsocialproblemstheauthorputsforwardasuggestionthatweshould____.
[A]resorttotheproductionmodeofourancestors
[B]offerhigherwagestotheworkersandemployees
[C]enablemantofullydevelophispotentialities
[D]takethefundamentalrealitiesforgranted
5.Theauthor’sattitudetowardsindustrialismmightbestbesummarizedasoneof____.
[A]approval[B]dissatisfaction
[C]suspicion[D]susceptibility
PassageTwo
Thegovernment-runcommandpostinTunisisstaffedaroundtheclockbymilitarypersonnel,meteorologistsandcivilians.Onthewallaremaps,crisscrossedwithbrightlycolorsarrowsthatpainstakinglytrackthefearsomepathoftheenemy.
Whatkindofinvadergivesrisetosuchhigh-levelmonitoring?
Notman,notbeast,butthelowlydesertlocust(蝗虫).Inrecentmoths,billionsofthe3-inch-longwingedwarriorshavedescendedonAlgeria,Libya,MoroccoandTunisia,blackeningtheskyandeatingupcropsandvegetation.Theinsectinvasion,theworstin30years,isalreadycreatinggreatdestructionintheMiddleEastandisnowtreatingsouthernEurope.Thecurrentcrisisbeganinlate1985neartheRedSea.UnusuallyrainyweathermoistenedthesandsoftheSudan,makingthemidealbreedinggroundsforthelocust,whichlaysitseggsintheearth.TheinsectonslaughtthreatenstocreateyetanotherAfricanfamine.Eachlocustcaneatitsweight(notquiteatenthofanounce)invegetationevery24hours.Agood-sizeswarmof50billioninsectseatsup100,000tonsofgrass,treesandcropsinasinglenight.
All$150millionmaybeneededthisyear.TheU.S.hasprovidedtwosprayingplanesandabout50,000gal.ofpesticide.TheEuropeanCommunityhasdonated$3.8millioninaidandtheSovietUnion,Canada,JapanandChinahaveprovidedchemical-sprayingaircrafttohelpwipeoutthepests.Butreliefeffortsarehamperedbytherelativemildnessofapprovedpesticides,whichquicklylosetheirdeadlypunchandrequirefrequentreplications.ThemosteffectivelocustkillerDieldrinhasbeenlinkedtocancerandisbannedbymanyWesterncountriesandsomeoftheaffectedAfricannations.Morethan5millionacreshavebeendustedwithlocust-killingchemicals;
another5millionwillbetreatedbytheendofJune.
OnMay30,representativesofTunisia,Algeria,Libya,MoroccoandMauritaniawillmeetinAlgierstodiscusstacticstowipeouttheravenousswarms.Themoveisanimportantstep,butwhateverplanisdevised,thelocustplaguepromisedtogetworsebeforetheinsectscanbebroughtundercontrol.
6.Themainideaofthefirstsentenceinthepassageisthat____.
[A]thecommandpostisstationedwithpeopleallthetime.
[B]thecommandpostiscrowdedwithpeopleallthetime.
[C]thereareclocksaroundthecommandpost.
[D]theclockinthecommandpostistakencareofbythestaff.
7.Thefavorablebreedinggroundforthelocustis____.
[A]richsoil.
[B]wetland
[C]spacescoveredcropsandvegetation
[D]theRedSea
8.Peoplearealertatthethreatofthelocustbecause____.
[A]theinsectsarelikelytocreateanotherAfricanfamine.
[B]theinsectsmayblackenthesky.
[C]thenumberoftheinsectsincreasesdrastically.
[D]theinsectsaregatheringandmovingingreatspeed.
9.Whichofthefollowingistrue?
[A]Oncethepesticidesareused,locustwilldieimmediately.
[B]Reliefeffortsareprovedmostfruitfulduetotheeffectivenessofcertainpesticides.
[C]Dieldrin,themosteffectivelocustkiller,hasbeenwidelyacceptedinmanycountries.
[D]Over10millionacresofaffectedareawillhavebeentreatedwithlocust-killingchemicalsbytheendofJune.
10.ThepurposeforaffectednationstomeetinAlgiersonMay30is____.
[A]todeviseantilocustplans.
[B]towipeouttheswarmsintwoyears.
[C]tocalloutforadditionalfinancialaidfromothernations.
[D]tobringtheinsectsundercontrolbeforetheplaguegetsworse.
PassageThree
TheLondon2012sustainabilitywatchdogembroiledinarowoverthesportsshipoftheOlympicStadiumbyDowChemicalistopushtheInternationalOlympicCommitteetoappointan“ethicschampion”forfutureGames.
TheCommissionforaSustainableLondon2012hasbeenbruisedbycriticismoverDow’ssponsorshipofthewrapthatwillsurroundtheOlympicstadium,particularlysincecommissionerMeredithAlexanderlastmonthresignedinprotest.
CampaignersbelievethatDowhasongoingliabilitiesrelatingtothe1984Bhopaldisasterthatresultedinthedeathsofanestimated20,000peopleandtheseriousinjuryoftensofthousandsmore.Dow,whichboughttheowneroftheplantin2001,insiststhatallliabilitieshavebeensettledinfull.
CommissionchairmanShaunMcCarthysaidthatitstightsustainabilityremitdidnotextendtoactingasmoralguardianoftheOlympicmovementbutthatitwouldpressforsucharoletobecreatedwhenevaluatingsponsorsforfutureGames.
Inadditiontosponsoringthe7mpoundswrapthatwillsurroundtheOlympicStadium,Dowhasaseparate100mdollarssponsorshipdealwiththeIOCthatwassignedin2010.
ButMcCarthyalsodefendedthecommission’sroleinevaluatingtheDowdeal,afterAmnestyInternationalwrotetoLondon2012chairmanLordCoetoraisetheissue.
“Whathasbeenlostinallofthisstoryisthatareallyexcellent,sustainableproducthasbeenprocured,welookedatLocog’sexaminationofDowChemical’scurrentcorporateresponsibilitypoliciesand,again,Dowachievedthathighestscoreinthatevaluation.Weverifiedthat.”saidMcCarthy.
“AsfarasthehistoryisconcernedandissuesaroundBhopal,thereisnodoubtBhopalwasaterribledisasterandsnoreinjusticewasdonetothevictims.Whoisresponsibleforthatinjusticeisamatterforthecourtsandamatterforothers.Wehaveaspecificremitandtermsofreferencethatweoperateunderandwehaveoperateddiligentlyunderthoseterms.”
ThecommissionwillonThursdayreleaseitsannualreview.Itfindsthat“goodpress”hasbeenmadetowandsmanyofLocog’ssustainabilitytarget,butthat“majorcha
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