Between Charity And BusinessWord格式文档下载.docx
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Between Charity And BusinessWord格式文档下载.docx
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Thejourneyfrompovertytoprosperitycantakemanypaths.RenXupingwentfromanimpoverishedruralboyinDayiCounty,SichuanProvince,toamultimillionairebusinessmanthankstorabbits.
Attheageof13,Rendroppedoutofschoolbecausehisfamilycouldnotaffordthefees.Tocheerhimup,hisfatherboughthimapairofrabbits.Oneofthefemalerabbitswaspregnantandgavebirthtoeightbabies.Rensoldthebabiesandwaspaidtheequivalentofhalfanadult’smonthlysalaryatthattime.
Withthisfirstincome,Renboughtmorefemalerabbitsandkeptrepeatingthecycle.Hisbusinesssnowballed.Bytheageof16,hisbusinesswasgenerating400,000yuan($202,000bytheexchangeratein1983),makinghimextraordinarilywealthybythestandardofthetime.
Today,hisrabbitfarmbreeds2.3millionrabbitsannually,andgeneratesasalesvolumeof23millionyuan($3.5million).Healsoownsafurcompany,afoodcompany,atrainingschoolandapovertyalleviationstudycenter.
Renhasusedhisexperienceandskillstoliftothersoutofpoverty.In1990,heestablishedatrainingschooltoteachothershowtostartrabbitrearingbusinesses.Morethan300,000people,fromvariousplacesinChinaandcountriessuchasNepal,ThailandandIndia,havebeentrainedinthisschool.Mostofthetraineeshavemanagedtoincreasetheirincomesasaresultofhistraining.
Nowmorethan40percentoffarmersinDayiCountyraiserabbits,whichhavebecomethecounty’smajorsourceofincome.ThefarmerscredittheirsuccesstoRen,China’sRabbitKing.
Newconcept
RenwasdescribedasasocialentrepreneurinabookpublishedinChinain2010byGlobalLinksInitiative,aU.K.-basednonprofitorganizationwhichaimsto“supportpositiveandcreativeactiononsocialinclusionandcitizenempowermentworldwide.”
Theterm“socialentrepreneur”wasin-troducedinChinaaround2006,whenU.S.journalistDavidBornstein’sbookHowtoChangetheWorldwastranslatedbyWuShihong,formergeneralmanagerofIBMChinaandMicrosoftChina.Bornstein’sbookdescribedhowindividualshecalled“socialentrepreneurs”solvedsocialandeconomicproblemswithinnovativegrassrootsapproaches.
“Thereisnouniversaldefinitionforsocialenterprisesorsocialentrepreneurs,”saidChuChaoyu,DirectoroftheSocialServiceCenterofAmityFoundation,anon-profitorganizationbasedinNanjingofeastChina’sJiangsuProvince.“Theirmostsalientfeatureistheuseofbusinessapproachestoachievesocialgoals,”Chusaid.
JiaXijin,aTsinghuaUniversityprofessorstudyingnon-profitorganizations,saidthatsocialenterpriseisasocialratherthanlegalconceptsoanorganizationrunbysocialentrepreneursdoesnotnecessarilyenjoytaxprivileges.
“WhentheconceptofsocialentrepreneurshipwasintroducedinChina,manypeopleworkinginthenon-profitsectorwereveryexcited,expectingthatitwouldleadChinesenon-governmentalorganizations(NGOs)toovercomemanyobstaclesanddeveloprapidly,”saidChu.
AccordingtoChu,ChineseNGOsfacethreemajorgrowthbottlenecks:
insufficientpolicyincentives,alackoffunding,andlowcredibility.However,hedoesnotthinksocialentrepreneurshipalonewillremovetheobstaclesconfrontingNGOs,althoughhebelievesitskeyelements―ethics,innovationandadventure―willhelpNGOssolvetheirproblems.
“SocialentrepreneurshipwillinspiremoreNGOstothinkinnovativelyandexplorenewopportunitiessoastoimprovetheirownefficiencyandeffectiveness,”Chusaid.
Since2009,theBritishCouncilhasruntrainingseminarsonsocialentrepreneurshipto“identifyandequipanewgenerationofNGOworkersinChinawhohavetheskillsanddesiretosolvesocialproblemsusingbusinessstrategies.”SomeBritishsocialentrepreneurshavebeeninvitedtoChinatosharetheirexperiences.
Sofar,580establishedandwould-beChinesesocialentrepreneurshaveattendedtheBritishCouncil’strainings,and35organizationshaveobtainedfundingtotaling5millionyuan($770,000),accordingtoChinaNewsWeek,aBeijing-basedmagazine.
“Themostimportantpurposeofthetrainingistochangetraditionalthinkingaboutphilanthropy,”saidPengYanni,AssistantDirectorofSocietyandDevelopmentattheBritishCouncil’sBeijingoffice.Pengsaiditpromptscharitableorganizationstothinkbeyondfundraisingandtryabusinessapproach.
“WhiletheconcepthasinspiredsomeChinesephilanthropiststoadoptbusinessapproachesandtechniquestopromotetheircauses,China’smainstreamacademicandbusinesscommunitiesaswellastheChinese
Governmenthavenotyetshownmuchenthusiasmfortheconcept,”saidWangHaijun,aprogramofficerattheBritishCouncil’sofficeinShanghai.
“Overall,socialenterprisesinChinaarestillintheirinfancy.Itishardtosayhowmanysuchenterprisesareoutthere.Therearefewsuccessfulcases,”Pengsaid.
Youngsocialentrepreneur
NiKaizhiisayoungentrepreneurtryingtoapplyabusinessapproachtophilanthropy.Attheageof25,NiturnedfromamarketingmanagerinanITcompanytoafulltimephilanthropistafterthe2008Wenchuanearthquake.Threedaysaftertheearthquakestruck,Nitookamonthleavefromhisjobandarrivedatthedisaster-strickenareatoworkasavolunteer.
Afteramonthasavolunteer,hemadethedecisiontoremainintheWenchuanareaandworktoimprovetheincomeoffarmers.HejoinedNPI,aShanghai-basednon-profitorganizationfoundedin2006,whichaimstosupportothersmallandmedium-sizednonprofitorganizations.AfterspendingoneyearhelpingotherstostartupNGOs,Nidecidedtostartonehimself.
NilearnedaboutsocialentrepreneurshipattrainingprogramsrunbytheBritishCouncil.Hisfirstprojectinvolvedcontractinglocalfarmerstoplantcrops,raiselivestockandmakeartifacts,andselltheirproductsatanonlinefairtradeplatform.Hestartedtheprojectbecausehefoundthatindividualfarmershadlowbargainingpowerwithpurchasersanddidnothavesufficientaccesstoinformationandmarketingchannels.Bybuyinginbulkandtakingovermarketing,Nihopedtohelpfarmersovercometheseobstacles,buthisprojectwasn’tassuccessfulashehadhoped.
Nithenadjustedhisstrategyandbegantoworkonvoluntourism.Voluntourism,astheworditselfindicates,combinesvacationtravelwithvolunteeringatthedestination.Forinstance,travelerscanpickuptrashontheirway,takecareofinjuredanimals,orhelppeopleinneed.
Nihascontractedfarmerstoprovidelodgingandfoodtotravelers.Sofar,hisorganization,ChinaRuralandUrbanCommunitynetwork(RUCnetwork)hassignedcontractswithabout100householdsinvariousplacesaroundtheWenchuanarea.
TheRUCnetworkisresponsibleformarketingthetoursand70percentoftravelers’paymentsgotothefarmers,20percentisspentonadministrativeoverheadsincludingcarrentals,andtheremaining10percentisusedtofundNi’sorganization.
Duringtheweek-longNationalDayholidayinOctober2010,apeaktravelseason,RUCnetworkorganizedatwo-daytour,whichbroughtanincomeof1,950yuan($300)toeachcontractedhousehold.
Beautifulbusiness
YanJunhui,directoroftheQiangEmbroideryEmploymentSupportCenter,alsobecameasocialentrepreneuraftertheWenchuanEarthquake.
Afterthe2008earthquake,YanandherhusbandGaoTunziwenttothedisasterstrickenareawithfriendstodistributemedicinetovictims.TheareaisinhabitedbyQiangpeople,anethnicminorityinsouthwestChina.
TheearthquakeseriouslydamagedQiangcommunities,andQiangwomenwereparticularlyvulnerable.Yan,whoownedahandcraftbusinessinChengdu,capitalofSichuanProvince,wantedtofindasustainablewaytohelptheQiangpeople.SheknewQiangwomenexcelinembroidery,soshesetouttofindalargermarketfortheirembroideryproducts.
YanreceivedsupportfromtheOneFoundationwhichwasfoundedbyfilmstarJetLi.OnJuly24,2008,theQiangEmbroideryEmploymentSupportCenterwasofficiallylaunched.TheOneFoundationofferedtocoverthecostsofmaterials,transportationandhumanresourcesuntilthecenterbecameself-sufficient.
ThecenterrecruitsandtrainsQiangwomenasprofessionalseamstresses,whichgivesthemtheopportunitytomakemoneybyworkingathome.
Yanrunsthecenterlikeacompany,emphasizingdesignandmarketing.
Tosolicitgooddesignsfromprofessionaldesigners,thecenterhaspartneredwithartinstitutesanddesignfirms.Yanandherdesignteamwanttheproductstohavebothaestheticandpracticalvalue.Theyhavedesignedembroideredshoppingbags,purses,walletsandcaraccessories.
Thecenterwonbigordersfromlargestate-ownedcompaniessuchasMengniuDiary,LenovoandChinaMobile.IthasalsoopenedretailshopsinChengduandotherplacesinSichuanProvince.
Inlate2008,Yanandherteamlearnedahardlessonwhendealingwithbigbusinesses.Onecompanyplaceda3-millionyuan($460,000)order,yetbecausethecentercouldnotdelivertheproductsontime,thecompanycancelled40percentoftheorder.
Tomakethecentermoreefficient,Yanhiredprofessionalstoimproveitsmanagement.Tightercostcontrolswereintroducedandmoreincentivesweregiventogoodsalespeople.
Nowthecenterworkswith8,000seamstresses,whousuallymake300-1,000yuan($46-154)permonthdependingontheirtimecommitmentandskilllevel.
“Imakemorethan1,000yuan($154)permonthbyembroidering.Withthismoney,Ihaveboughtatelevisionandfertilizer.ItisadoubleblessingthatwecanmakemoremoneyandpreserveourQiangcultureatthes
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