高科技的时候了 为了国产高技术能力的中国的计划外文翻译Word文档下载推荐.docx
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高科技的时候了 为了国产高技术能力的中国的计划外文翻译Word文档下载推荐.docx
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JournalofNortheastAsianStudies[J].1993.7
Author:
Segal,AdamM
Chinesepolicymakershaveincreasinglyturnedtheirattentiontodevelopinghightechnology.Thestatehas,throughanumberofcentraldirectives,attemptedtopromotetheproductionandcommercializationofhightechproducts.Yet,thelevelofChinesehightechnologyproductsremainsfairlylow.Thisarticlearguesthatthestate,especiallyintryingtorecreateSiliconValleyinChina,haslearnedthewronglessonsfromtheWest'
sexperience.Inordertopromotethedevelopmentofhightech,thestateneedstobuildupamoreadequatescienceandtechnologyinfrastructureandtodefineandprotectpropertyrights.
Duringthe1980sandearly1990s,developinghightechnologybecameatopicofinteresttopolicymakersandscientistsinbothindustrializedandThirdWorldcountries.Hightechnologies,thosetechnologiesthatinvolvelargedevelopmentcosts,longleadtimes,considerabletechnologicaluncertainty,anddependenceonknowledgethatisclosetothefrontierofscientificresearch,holdoutthehopeofrapideconomicdevelopment,increasedemployment,andmilitarypreparedness.Thesetechnologiesalsogeneratenewproductionprocessesandnewmodesofeconomicorganizationthatmayhaveawideimpactonthestructuresofnationaleconomies.
Chinesepolicymakershavebeenneitherimmunetothelureofhightechnologynorunawareofeffortstodevelopitinotherpartsoftheworld.Sincethe1978"
opendoor"
policy,Chinahasadoptedamultifacetedstrategyoftechnologydevelopmentrelyingonexistingcentralplanninginstrumentsandthecreationofarangeofnewinstitutionsandpoliciesfocusedonhightechnology.TheNationalHighTechnologyProgram(knowninChinaasBaliusanorthe863plan),theTorchPlan,andhightechnologydevelopmentzoneshavealltargetedcriticaltechnologiesandpromotedthe"
formationanddevelopmentofChina'
shightechnologyindustry."
CHINA'
STURNTOHIGHTECH
MostofthenewlyindustrializingcountriesinAsiamovedintohightechnologyasthelaststageofexport-ledgrowth.Afterexhaustingthebenefitsoflabor-intensivemanufacturing,TaiwanandKoreamoveduptoheavyandcapital-intensiveindustries.Later,knowledgeandinformation-intensivemanufacturingreplaced"
dirtyindustries"
likesteelinthesecountries.InterestinnewandhightechnologiesinChina,however,aroseoutoftwootherfactors.AlthoughtheChinesehaveyettoexhaustthetraditionalstrategyoflabor-intensive,export-ledgrowth,theyhaveexhibitedambivalencetowardanover-relianceonthisdevelopmentstrategy.InthewordsofoneChinesecommentator,"
thegreatestdifficultythatallexport-orientedenterprisesinourcountryfaceistoproducetherightproducts...lowlaborcostswillnotlastforever."
Inthemodernworld,"
competitionbetweenproductsintheinternationalmarketisinfacttechnicalcompetition."
HIGHTECHANDTHECENTRALPLAN
AlthoughtheChineseattainednotablesuccessesinthefieldsofcomputer,semi-conductor,automation,nuclear,andjetpropulsiontechnologiesthroughthecentralplaninthemid1950sandearly1960s,thestructureofthescienceandtechnology(S&
T)establishmentitselflimitedthescopeandrangeoftheseachievements.BasedontheSovietsystemofscienceinnovation,ChineseS&
Twashighlyhierarchicalandstratified.Researchanddevelopmenttookplaceindiffuselocationswithnocoordinationbetweenthem.Industrialministriespossessedtheirownautonomousresearchlaboratories,andeventheseinstitutionscommunicatedinfrequentlywitheachotherbecauseofahighdegreeofvirtualization.Moreover,state-ownedenterprisesoperatedunderanadministrativestructurethatputexcessiveemphasisonindicatorsofquantitativeoutput,nottechnology.Althoughmeanttoactasasupervisingagency,theChineseAcademyofSciences(CAS)didlittletocoordinateordirecttheresearchundertakenbyitsmemberacademiesortoapplythisresearchtoindustrialproduction.
ThefinancialdifficultiesfacedbyboththeS&
Testablishmentandtheeconomyasawholeheightenedtheseorganizationalproblems.Moststateenterprisesoperatedwitholdandobsoletemachinery;
muchoftheequipmentinfactorieshadbeeninstalledduringthe1950sandhadnotbeenreplacedsince.Thereductionofthescopeofcentralplanningintheearly1980sandthegrowingrelianceonthemarketintheChineseeconomymeantthatthestatehadlessdirectcontroloverfinancialresourcesandthuslessabilitytoreallocatefundstorefurbishindustrialcapability.Thesereformsalsomeantthatstaterevenueandthusthestate'
sabilitytoinvestinresearchanddevelopmentfurtherdeclinedasthelocalitiesgainedmorecontrolovertheirprofitsandforeignexchange.
THE863PLAN
Bythemid-1980s,adeepenedappreciationforhightechnologyhadbeguntoconvincesomethatChinacouldnolongeraffordtoneglecthightechnologyR&
D.InMarch1986fourprominentChinesescientistswrotetoDengXiaopingurgingforthedevelopmentofanindigenoushightechnologycapability.In1987,theNationalHighTechnologyDevelopmentProgramwasinitiated.ThePlan,alsoknownas863orBaliusaninChinese(fortheyear,1986,andmonth,March),aimed"
topooltogetherthebesttechnologicalresourcesinChinaoverfifteenyearstokeepupwithinternationalhightechnologydevelopment,bridgethegapbetweenChinaandothercountriesinseveralhightechnologies,and,whereverpossible,striveforbreakthroughs."
Besidestargetingindustriesintheareasofbiotechnology,newmaterials,lasers,energy,information,robotics,andspace,thePlanalsointroducedtheconceptsofpeerreviewandamixedmethodofprojectselection."
Expertcommittees"
havehadoversightoverthesevendisciplinesandhavebeeninstrumentalintheselectionofprojects.Belowthesevengroups,fifteenexperttaskgroupsdesignateprojectsthatdeservesupportandreviewtheprogressofprojectsonanannualbasis.Someprojectshavebeen"
bottomup,"
originatingfromtheirpotentialinvestigatorswhileothershavebeenofthemoretraditional"
topdown,"
targetedapproach.
THETORCHPLAN
TheTorchPlan,begunin1988,attemptedtoaddresstheproblemsofcommercializationandproduction.ThePlanembracedkeystateresearchinstitutions,advancedschools,largeandmediumsizeenterprises,collectivelyrunresearchorganizations,andvarioustypesofS&
Tenterprises.Unlikeotherprogramsoriginatingfromthecenter,theplanwasnotsolelyprescriptivewiththecentralgovernmentsimplyarrangingthedeliveryofcommoditiesandallocatingfundstoresearchprojects.Instead,thePlanisbestunderstoodasanattempttocreatean"
incubator"
forhightechnology.Itexpectedtodothisbyestablishingnewtechnologyenterprises,developinghightechnologyzones,andtrainingmanagementpersonnel.
By1992,theTorchhadpromoted3,848projectsonthenationalandlocallevelinfiveareas:
newmaterials,microelectronicsandinformation,energy,biotechnology,andelectromagneticdevices("
megatronics"
).Mostprojectsfallintheelectronics(31.3percent)andnewmaterialsfields(29.0percent).Megatronics,biotechnology,andenergymakeup15.4percent,12.9percent,and6.3percentrespectively,withtheremaining5.1percentdesignatedas"
other."
Projectsareconcentratedinthreeareas:
NorthChina,EastChina,andtheSouthCentralregion.
HIGHANDNEWTECHNOLOGYDEVELOPMENTZONES
AfinalaspectoftheTorchPlan,andtheonethatmayhavethelongestlastinginfluence,isthepromotionofnewandhightechnologyindustrialzonesandhightechnologyenterprises.Throughapolicyoflocatinguniversitiesandhightechnologyfirmsinthesamearea,combiningresearchandeducationwithproduction,andprovidingthenecessaryinfrastructureandpreferentialtaxandfinancepolicies,thestateexpectedtocreateenvironmentsconducivetothedevelopmentofhightechindustries.Theseareasweretobe,inthewordsofSongJian,ministeroftheSSTC,"
incubatorsofhighandnewtechnology."
Policieswereexpectedtocreate“smallandmedium‘climates’”;
inthese”small”climates,specificprojectsweretoevolvefromtechnologytoproductandthencapturemarkets,whilethe"
medium"
climatepromotedaninnovativeenvironmentinalargerregion.
TheexperienceofSiliconValley,"
Route128,"
andotherscienceparkshadastrongimpactonthedecisiontorecognizeandencouragethehightechnologydevelopmentzones(HTDZs).Intheearly1980safellowattheInstituteofPhysicsofCAStouredSiliconValley,andotherChinesemadesimilartripsduringthedecade.Explainingthesuccessoftheindustrializedworldindevelopinghightechnologyexports,oneChinesecommentatorfocusedontheabundanttechnologicalandpersonnelresources,thegovernment'
suseofpreferentialpolicies,sufficientventurecapital,andtheselectionofagoodgeographicenvironment.Echoingthisview,SimonarguesthattheChineselearnedthreelessonsfromthescienceparks.First,itbecameapparentthatsuccessfulhightechindustriesdonothavethesamerequirementsasthoseintraditionalmanufacturing.Newformsoforganizationandbehaviorcharacterizethesefirms.Second,hightechnologyprogressesincloseproximitytouniversities,governmentR&
Dinstitutes,andmoretraditionalindustries.Finally,hightechnologyandhightechfirmsrequireawelldevelopedinfrastructure.
HIGHTECHENTERPRISES
Thezonesreflecttheoutcomesofpoliciesintheearly1980swhichencouragedthegrowthofcollectiveenterprises,promotedtechnologicalentrepreneurship,andmad
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