英语语法Word文档下载推荐.docx
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英语语法Word文档下载推荐.docx
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InhisdiscussionofErrorAnalysis,Ellis(1985)notesthat“fromapedagogicalperspectivetherehaslongbeenaninterestinthecollection,description,andclassificationinaratherunprincipledwayofcommonlyoccurringerrors.”Manyresearchersusethelinguisticcategorytaxonomyasareportingtooltoorganizealltheerrorstheyhavebeencollected.Theyusethedatetodetectwhatkindoflinguisticerrorsfromtheotherssothatinthefutureteachersandstudentswillpaymoreattentiontothem.AsdescribedbyzdenEkmekci(1984).ResearchersadvocatingtheCAapproachclaimsthat“theelementswhicharesimilartoelementsofthefirstlanguagewillberelativelyeasytoacquireascomparedtothefeaturesofthesecondwhichdifferfromfeaturesofthefirst.”TheterminterlinguawasfirstusedbySelinker(1969)todescribethelinguisticstagesecondlanguagelearnersgothroughduringtheprocessofmasteringthetargetlanguage.Someresearchesfoundthatofsomelearnergroups,lexicalerrorsarethemostfrequentlyoccurringerrors.Gruabegr(1971)analyzedtheerrorsofagroupofadvancedlearnersofGermanwithMTEnglishandcommentedon“thePrePonderanceoflexicalerrors”:
102outof193(53percent)recordederrorswerelexical.Someresearchesonlyfocustheirattentionsononekindoflanguageerrorsandtrytofindthecause.Theresearcheshavereallycoveredmanyerrorsthelearnersmaymake.Butthewriteranalyzeandclassifythepotentialerrors.Thiskindofresearchis,basedonstatisticaldata,morescientificandconvincing.
2.2StudyatHome
GaoYuan(2003),theerrorscausedbylanguagetransferreallyexistandinterferethelearners’Englishwriting,anditmakesupalotofproportion.YangHuizhong(2000),afteranalyzingCET-6Papers,reportedthatalthoughcollegestudentsofnon一Englishmajorscouldexpresstheirideasclearlyinwriting,thereweremanygrammaticalmistakesintheircompositions.Someresearchersathomethinkthatmanyforeignlanguagelearnersdon’tavoidtheinterferenceofthetonguelanguage.Itisacommonphenomenontomakesentencesbythetonguelanguage.Althoughthelearnershavelearnedtheforeignlanguageformanyyears,theyarenotcertaintoavoidtheinfluenceofit.Andthemoretaskstheyneedtofinish,themoredifficulttoavoidit.(DaiWeidong,ShuDingfang,)(1994).
3.ResearchDesignandMethodology
3.1ResearchDesign
Inforeignlanguagelearning,errorsareunavoidable,andnomatterwhateffortswemighthave,errorswillalwaysoccur.Soitisverynecessarytostudytheerrorsandlearnfromtheerrors.TheobjectiveofthestudyistodoanalysisofthecommonerrorsmadebytheChineseseniorhighschoolstudentsintheirwritingwiththeaimtoimprovetheirwritingabilityandtheirEnglishlearninginthelongrun.Sotheresearchermakesadataanalysison90students’EnglishwritingofShanxiProvinceSeniorHighSchoolinYangquan.Allthesubjectsareaskedtowriteacompositioninthesamelength(100-120words)duringthesameperiodoftime(20minutes)inaseriousexaminationwhichcantrulyreflecttheirlanguageproficiency.Thespecificstepsareasfollows;
1).GroupthewholeYear12studentsintothreeaccordingtotheirscoresinawritingtask.
2).Select30compositionsfromeachgrouprandomlyandrecordtheirwritingerrorsrespectively.
3).Classifytheseerrorsintodifferenttypesbasedoncertaincriteria.
4).Makeananalysisofthetypicalerrors.
5).Choose10subjectsfromGroupHand10fromGroupLandhaveinterviewswiththem.
3.2DataCollection
Datacollectionforthepresentstudyismainlyfromthestudentswhowererequiredtowriteaguidedcompositionabouttheimportanceofbehaviorsasawritingtestinquiteanimportantexamination.Basedontheprincipleofscoringwritings,theywereread,correctedandscoredon30-pointscalebyEnglishteachersoftheschool.Theauthorofthethesisdividedthesecompositionsinto3groupsaccordingtotheaveragescoreofthecompositions:
ahigh-scoregroup;
amedium-scoregroup;
andalow-scoregroup.Then,theauthorpickedout30samplesfromeachgroupatrandom,andtypedallthe90samplesinthecomputer.And498errorsintheirEnglishwritingwereidentifiedandanalyzeddiscussesthereasonforthoseerrors.
3.3TheClassificationoftheErrors
Therearelotsoferrorsindifferentformssoitisimportanttoclassifytheerrorsforanalysis.Theerrorswefoundintheircompositionsareclassifiedaccordingtolinguisticdescriptions.AccordingtoJame’scriteriaofcategorizingerrors(2001),thewriterdividedthemintofivelevels.
Table2:
Fivelevelsoferrors
Substance
Lexicon
Grammar
Cohesion
Chinglish
punctuation
Wordchoice
verb
reference
prep
substitution
article
ellipsis
adjective
spelling
collocation
pronoun
conjunction
omission
lexical
reduncency
3.3.1SubstanceErrors
Thewriterdividesthesubstanceintotwotypes:
Spellingandpunctuation.Thiskindoferrorsisrelativelyeasytoovercome.
3.3.1.1SpellingErrors
Inallthecompositions,thepercentageofspellingerrorsisnotveryhigh,butthereareafewsamplesconcerningthekindoferrors.Forexample:
a)Mostofthevictimsareinocent.(innocent)
b)Thespringfestival(Festival)isanimportantdayforChinese.
c)Weshouldkeepgoodaltitude(attitude)allofteachers.
3.3.1.2PunctuationErrors
Punctuationerrorsarealwaysfoundinmostofthecompositions.Examples:
d)Guidedogsareintendedinmanycountriesintheworldtohelptheirblindorweaksighted(weak-sighted)ownersmovearoundthestreetsindependently.
e)Hedoesn’tgotoschoolbybuseither.
Hedoesn’tgotoschoolbybus,either.
f)Mostpeoplehoweverdon’tlikeit.
Mostpeople,however,don’tlikeit.
3.3.2LexicalErrors
Statisticsinthisstudyshowthatlexicalerrorsmakeupthehighestproportionofthetotalerrors.Itmeansthatvocabularyisveryimportantinlanguagelearningwhichcanmainlybeembodiedintwotypes:
wrongchoiceofwordsandcollocation:
Manywordslookandsoundsimilar.Theyaresimilarinformsbutnotatallinmeaning.Herearesomeexamples:
a)Lastwinter,myfamilywereonvocationinHongKong.(vacation)
b)Itisawaistoftime.(waste)
c)Inthismodernsociety,manyladiesdon’tlikemeetfortheirmeal.(meat)
Collocationreferstothewordsnormallykeepscompany.
a)Whatcanyoulookontheblackboard?
(see)
b)Noemployswilluseyouifyoudon’thavegoodmanners.(employ)
c)Didyouacceptmygiftsonyourbirthdayparty?
(receive)
3.3.3GrammaticalErrors
Accordingtothestatistics,grammaticalerrorstakeuphighproportioninalltheerrorsinthesamplewritings.Theauthorclassifiedthemintofivetypes.
3.3.3.1Thewronguseofverb
a)Don’tsmokinginpublic.(smoke)
b)Youshouldlisteningtoteachercarefullyatclass.(Listen)
c)Nowadaysmoreandmorepeoplelikedoexercisesforgoodhealth.(doing)
d)Myfamilylikestraveling.(like)
e)Havegoodmannersisveryimportantforeverypeople.(Having)
3.3.3.2Thewronguseofprep
f)Ontheageof18,hewasasoldier.(At)
g)Weshouldlistenothers’advice.(listento)
3.3.3.3Thewronguseofarticle
h)Freshairisveryimportantforus.(Thefreshair)
i)Therearealotofwaterinthebottle.(is)
3.3.3.4Thewronguseofadjectives
j)Maybevegetablesandfruitarethemosthealthiest.(thehealthiest)
3.3.3.5Thewronguseofpronoun
k)Itwillmakewehappy.(us)
3.3.3.6Omission
l)Nowadays,manypeopleworriedabouttheirhealth.(areworried
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