Writing Notes文档格式.docx
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Writing Notes文档格式.docx
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1)Giveexamples(realorhypothetical)
2)Presentacomparisonorcontrast
3)Showacause-and-effectrelationship(......means........;
leadto......)
4)Arguebydefinition(......isn'
t.........)
Model:
Despite...........(上述两端支持的观点的总结),.............(反方已然支持他的观点,说出反方理由)。
指出他的错误并论述。
Thesis与Conclusion可采取同一模式:
反方观点的实例,反对并提出自己观点,给出理由。
2..Eliminatingwords(在最后写完检查是否有啰嗦的句子时候用得到)
1)Eliminatingwordsthatexplaintheobviousorprovideexcessivedetail
Alwaysconsiderreaderswhiledraftingandrevisingwriting.Ifpassageexplainordescribedetailsthatwouldalreadybeobvioustoreaders,deleteorrewordthem.Readersarealsoveryadaptatfillinginthenon-essentialaspectsofanarrative,asinthefollowexample:
Wordy:
Ireceivedyourinquirythatyouwroteabouttennisracketsyesterday,andreaditthoroughly.Yes,wedohave.....(19words)
Concise:
Ireceivedyourinquiryabouttennisracketsyesterday.Yes,wedohave.....(12words)
2)Eliminateunnecessarydeterminersandmodifiers
Writerssometimesuseextrawordsorphrasesthatseemtomodifythemeaningofanounbutdon'
tactuallyaddtothemeaningofthesentence.Althoughsuchwordsandphrasescanbemeaningfulintheappropriatecontext,theyareoftenusedas"
filler"
andcaneasilybeeliminated.
Wordy:
BalancingthebudgetbyFridayisanimpossibilitywithoutsomekindofextrahelp.(14words)
BalancingthebudgetbyFridayisimpossiblewithoutextrahelp.(10words)
Here'
salistofsomewordsandphrasesthatcanoftenbeprunedawaytomakesentencesclearer:
●Kindof
●Sortof
●Typeof
●Really
●Basically
●Forallintentsandpurposes
●Definitely
●Actually
●Generally
●Individual
●Specific
●Particular
3)Omitrepetitivewording
●Madeadiscovery-------Discovered
●Madeadecision-------Decided
●Ithoughtinmyhead/Ithoughttomyself-------Ithought
4)OmitRedundantCategories
Specificwordsimplytheirgeneralcategories,soweusuallydon'
thavetostateboth
●Largeinsize
●Oftentimes
●Ofabrightcolor
●Heavyinweight
●Periodintime
●Roundinshape
●Atanearlytime
●Economicsfield
●Ofcheapquality
●Honestincharacter
●Ofanuncertaincondition
●Inaconfusedstate
●Unusualinnature
●Extremeindegree
●Ofastrangetype
3.Somephrasesfromthosegoodessays:
Put......onhold=stopdoingsth
Checkout=observe
Awholelot=alot
Asmilecanlightupyourfaceandmakeyoumoreapproachable
Pickupon=find,discover
Pullsthoff=solvethisproblem
Takethespotlight=bethemostattractive
Graveimportance=veryandseriouslyimportant
Hence
Schoolis,amongotherthins,aplaceofcompetition,asstudentsvieforthebestacademicrecordstosendtoprospectiveemployers,graduateandprofessionalschools,andinsomecases,payingparents.
4.Commonillogicalarguments
1)Thewriterwhohavetheargumentoninsufficientorunrepresentativeevidence
Forexample:
Ifyouinterviewonlycampusathletesandthendeclare,"
Universitystudentsfavoranewstadium."
Whatabouttheopinionsofthestudentswhoaren'
tathletes?
Inotherwords,whenthegeneralizationisdrawnfromasamplethatistoosmallorselect,yourconclusionisn'
tvalid.(这段话其实也是一个很好的写作模式,一句综述,举个例子,用inotherwords连接最后一句话概括,最后一句概括要说出导致的结果)
2)Thewriter'
sconclusionisnotnecessarilyalogicalresultofthefacts.Forexample,whenyouconcludebysaying,"
ProfessorJonesisafamoushistorian,sohewillbeabrillianthistoryteacher."
Asyoumayhaverealizedbynow,justbecausesomeoneknowsasubjectwelldoesnotautomaticallymeanthatheorshecancommunicatetheinformationclearly;
hence,theconclusionisnotnecessarilyvalid..
3)Thewriterpresentsastruthwhatissupposedtobeprovenbytheargument.
4)Thewriterintroducesanirrelevantpointtodivertthereaders'
attentionfromthemainissue.
5)Thewriterattackstheopponent'
scharacterratherthantheopponent'
sargument.Thestatement"
Dr.Bloomcan'
tbeacompetentmarriagecounsellorbecauseshe'
sbeendivorced"
maynotbevalid.Bloom'
sadvicetoherclientsmaybeexcellentregardlessofherownmartialstatus.
6)Thewriterevadestheissuesbyappealingtoreaders'
emotionalreactionstocertainsubjects.Froexample,insteadofarguingthefactsofanissue,awritermightplayonthereaders'
negativeresponsetosuchwordsas"
totalitarianism,"
or"
radical"
andtheirpositiveresponsetowordslike"
God,"
"
country,"
or"
liberty."
Inthestatement"
IfyouareatrueAmerican,youwillvoteagainsttheproposalonflagburning,"
thewriteravoidsanydiscussionofthemeritsorweaknessesofthebillandmerelysubstitutesanemotionalappeal
7)Thewriterusesanabstractconceptasifitwereaconcretereality.Alwaysbesuspiciousofawriterwhofrequentlyreliesonstatementsbeginning"
Historyhasalwaystaughtus..."
or"
Sciencehasproven..."
Researchhasdiscovered..."
Theimplicationineachcaseisthathistoryorscience(oranyotherdiscipline)hasonlyonevoice,oneopinion.Onthecontrary,"
history"
iswrittenbyamultitudeofhistorianswhoholdavarietyofopinions;
doctorsandscientistsalsofrequentlydisagree.Insteadofgeneralizingaboutaparticularfield,quotearespectedauthorityorsimplyqualifyyourstatementbyreferringto"
many"
some"
scientists,historians,orotherprofessionals.
8)Thewritertriestovalidateapointbyintimatingthat"
everyoneelsebelievesinthis."
Suchatacticevadesdiscussionoftheissueitself.Advertisingoftenusesthistechnique:
EveryonewhodemandsrealtasteeatsMcDonaldBigMacs"
;
DiscriminatingwomenuseSmacky-Mouthlipstick."
5.atermorphrasesynonymous
Harmonious=amiable,congenial,compatibleinevitable-----indispensable
Broadenmyhorizon=extendmysightexplain-----interpret/illustrate
Colorful=sparklingobvious----conspicuous
Toacertaindegree=tosomepointshurt-----vulnerable
Measures=stepuse-----employ/utilize
Measurestaken=effortscomeoutvalue-----merit(价值)
Givemoreandmoreattentionto=morefocusonprovide-----offer
Energeticadj.=gumptionn.True------accurate
Seldom=rarely,scarcelyleadto------contributeto/conduceto/resultto
Phenomenon=appearancemoreandmore-----increasing/growing
Nowadays=atpresent;
hereandnowhardly-----merely-----barely
Through-----intermsof/viawell-known-----outstanding
Operate-----manipulateemphasis-----accentuate
Offspring-----descendentdevoteto-----dedicateto
Character-----trait/individuality/personalityexpect-----anticipate
Agreepartly------agreewithreservewantto-----desire
Bigcity-----metropolislawmaking-----legislation
First-----primarilyinfact-----actually/virtually
Want-----intendto/tendto/beinclinedtotosum-----tosummarize/inconclusion
Handin-----renderabsorb----assimilate
Consider----takeintoaccountundermine-----sap/enervate/debilitate
Limit-----hinder/hamperchoice-alternative
Bias-----prejudice/discriminate/(v.)/tendency(趋势)publicize-----propagandize
Sway------vacillate(犹豫,踌躇)persuasive-----convincing
6.Papercriteria
Finalpapercriteria
Points(1-10)
Openingcatchesreader'
sinterest(5pts)
Thesisstatestopicsandthemainidea.(5pts)
Paragraphsincludetopicsentence/transitionsentencewhichdrawsfrominformationinpreviousparagraph/sentences
Specificexamplesareusedtosupportideas.
Wordingandideasarefreshandinteresting.
Correctandappropriatevocabularyusage
Grammar/Spelling/Punctuation
BodyParagraphsefficientlysupportthethesisstatementormainideaofanessay
AppropriateLength(400+words)
FINALSCOREoutof80
7.Tipsonwritingagoodintro/body/conclusionprocessessay
1)Don'
twriteaboutsomethingthatistoocomplicated.
2)Don'
ttrytowriteabriefprocessessayaboutsomethingthatneedsaninstructionmanual.
3)Don'
twriteaboutsomethingthatneedstobeaccompaniedbyvisualaids.
4)Limitthenumberingofstepsinyouressayincludingusingwordslike"
secondly,"
thirdly,"
etc
5)Considermentioningtheconsequencesofgoingornotgoingbyacertainstepinyourprocessessay.(ex.Whatwillhappenifyoudo/donoteatagoodbreakfastbeforeclass)
6)Asyouwriteyouressay,bewatchfulofyourpronouns.
P.S.Sinceaprocesspaperinvolvesdescribingsteps,youwilluseagreatdealoftransitionalphrases.Exampleoftransitionalphrasesinclude:
●Afterafewhours
●Immediatelyfollowing
●Afterwards
●Initially
●Intheend
●Atlast
●Atthesametime
●Inthefuture
●Before
●Inthemeantime
●Beforethis
●During
●Later
●Finally
●First,second,third
●Next,soon,after
8.Afinalchecklistforyouressay
Afteryouhavewrittenaneffe
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