研究生英语高级教程unit8911.docx
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研究生英语高级教程unit8911.docx
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研究生英语高级教程unit8911
HowtoLiveandLoveinthe21stCentury
[1]Therearemanyreasonstothinkquotidianethicsmatter.Forone,gobacktoAristotle,theinventorofwhathascometobeknownasvirtueethics。
Aristotlerecognizedthathumanbeingsareessentiallycreaturesofhabit.Ifwewanttobegood,wehavetogetintothehabitofbeinggood。
Andhabitsareformedbyconstantrepetitionofbehaviors.Thedailypracticeofcivilityandpolitenesshelps,becauseitreinforcesaregardforothersandconcernfortheirwelfare。
Anotherreasontobeworriedaboutsmallactsofvirtueisthatlifeis,onthewhole,madeupofsmallthings。
Mostofusmanagetoavoidmurderingpeopleorstealingtheircars.Amongthemajority,whatmakesthedifferencebetweenpeoplewethinkofasgoodandthoseweregardasselfish,meanorjustdisagreeable,isverymuchhowtheybehaveovermyriadsmallissues.Justthinkaboutthenicestpeopleyouknowandmostofthetimeyou’lldiscoverthatyourregardforthemisnotbasedontheirtirelessworktoeradicateworldpoverty,butabasicdecencyexpressedthroughtheireverydaydealingswithothers.
[2]Justasgoodcharactercomesfromthebottomup,sodoesagoodsociety.Thisiswhytheideaofclampingdownonanti-socialbehaviorbuildsonagenuineinsight.Respectforourfellowcitizensstartswitharespectfortheirrighttoleaveatrainwithouthavingtopushpastotherstryingtogeton,ortositonabuswithouthavingsomeoneshoutingintheirearsthewholeway.Soitisthatgoodmannerandcivilityneedtobereclaimedbysocialprogressives.Forgetetiquette:
itreallydoesn’tmatterhowyouholdyourforkorwhichwayyoupasstheport.Whatmattersishowyoutreatyourhostandfellowguests。
It'snotprimarilyaquestionofrules;it'saquestionofhavinganattitudeofrespectandconsideration.Still,ruleshelp,eveniftheyareonlyofthumb.Herearesomeofours.
[3]Wrongnumbers
Youshouldnotacceptorcontinueaphonecallifashopassistantisservingyou.IfJean-PaulSartrewerealive,whichheisn't,andhegaveadvice,whichhedidn’t,hemaywellhaveshedlightonthecorrectuseofamobilephone。
Sowhenweignorethepresenceofsomeonelikeashopassistant,treatingthemasabsentandtheabsentcalleraspresent,wearedoingnolessthandenyingtheirhumanity.Forthesamereason,youshouldnevertextanybodywhileinthemiddleofaconversation.Oremail,forthatmatter.Youshouldalwaysmonitoryourvolumewhenchattingonyourmobile。
Peoplewhohaven'tyetlearnedthisbasicfactshowthemselvestobeoblivioustothepresenceofothers.Thisisnosmallfailing。
DavidHumeargued,thatmoralsarefoundedonabasicsympathyforourfellowcreatures,bywhichwecanappreciatethattheytoohaveplans,projectsandexperiencesoftheworld,onesthatmaynotinvolvehavingtolistentothefascinatingdetailsofwhere—we—are—now。
Confuciussays,“Whatyoudonotwantdonetoyourself,donotdotoothers."QED。
[4]TravellingrightStopforpedestriansatpedestriancrossings.EvensomeonewhorejectsconventionalmoralityandassertstheirNietzscheanwilltopowerhasreasontodothis.Youdemonstrateyourpoweroverthepedestrianmoreeffectively,notbyignoringthem,butbyshowingthatyouvoluntarilystop,eventhoughyoucouldjustmotoronby。
Suchadisplayofmagnanimityisworthyoftheubermensch。
Onpublictransport,allowpeopletoalightbeforeyouboard.Donotputyourfeetupontheseats.AsBurkesaid,“Societyisindeedacontract,”andeachofushastomeetoursideofthebargains。
[5]GoodLovingDonotsmoochinthecompanyofothers.Itisanoddityofhumannaturethatwhilepornographyismuchsoughtafter,wedonotgenerallydelightinseeingothersslurpilymanifesttheirloveinpublic.Maybeitisjustenvy:
thesingleareharshlyremindedofthelackofaffectionintheirlives,thelong-attachedofthelackofrawpassionintheirs.Whatevertheexplanation,publicsmoochingisexceedinglyirritatingtoothers,whichmeansweshouldn’tdoit。
Alwaysdumpinperson,notbytext,faxoremail。
Hamletmayhavesaidthat“consciencedothmakecowardsofusall",butsurelyittakesaspeciallackofconsciencetobesocowardlyastoendarelationshipanyotherwaythanfacetoface.It’stheonlywaytopreservebothrespectforthedumpedandthedignityofthedumper.
[6]NewageIfyougothroughadoorfirstyoushouldalwaysholditopenforthosewhofollow.Age,genderandsocialclassmakenodifference。
Extendingthiscommoncourtesytoallisasignthatweholdeveryoneinequalrespect.Inotherwords,it’snothinglessthananexpressionoftheUniversalDeclarationofHumanRightsatthesmallestpossiblelevel。
Offeryourseattotheelderly,butdon’tassumethey’llwantit.Marxmayhavegothiseconomicsandhistoryterriblywrong,butwhenitcomestopublictransport,youcan’tdomuchbetterthanapplyhisprinciple,“Fromeachaccordingtohisabilities,toeachaccordingtohisneeds。
”Thetroubleisthatmanyolderpeoplearefitterthanthefatthirtysomethingswhocanbarelygettheirarsesintotheseatsonpublictransport,andtheyresenttheassumptionthattheyaretoofrailtostandformorethanfiveminuteswithouthavingacardiacarrest.Soalthoughingeneralyoushouldoffertheelderlyaseat,avoidpatronizingthemwhenyoudoso。
Offeryourseattoapregnantwoman。
Butplease,onlyifyou’reconfidentshereallyispregnant.
[7]SocialworkIfinvitedtosomeone’shousefordinner,don’tbeoneoftheungratefulfed.Exactlywhatyoudocanvary,anditissillytothinkthatyoumustalwaysbringwineorflowers,orsendathank—youmessage,eventhoughbothareusuallyadvisable.Themainthingisnottotakeyourhost’shospitalityforgrantedandshowgratitude.Don’tdrinkmoreatapartythanyoubrought。
Thisisaversionoftheso-calledfreeloaderproblem,whichonagranderscaleincludespeoplewhousepublicserviceswithoutpayingforthem,acceptcharitywhilenevergiving,orponcecigarettesbutareneverknowinglyponcedthemselves.ThisbreaksKant’smaximthatoneshouldonlyactinawaythatyoucanconsistentlywishalltofollow。
And,ofcourse,wecan’tallfreeload,astherewouldbenoonetofreeloadfrom.
[8]Child’splayDoincludelittleEmilyandbabyJackwhenaddressingChristmascardstotheirparents。
Nevertellsomebodyelse’schildoffinfrontofthem,orcriticizeadultsfortheirpoorparenting。
Exceptwhenyoushould.Donotundertake.Itmaybeafreecountry,butasJohnStuartMillpointedout,ourlibertydoesnotextendtocausingharmtoothers.Undertakingisasafetyandsoamoralissue,notoneofetiquette.Wipedowngymequipmentafteruse.Sticktotheswimminglanethat’srightforyou。
Rememberthatneitherthecinemanorthetheatreisyourfrontroom.Apartfrom,obviously,makingsureyourmobileisturnedoff,don’ttalkduringtheperformance,andifyouhavetosaysomethingtoyourcompanion,makesureitisinaudibletoothers。
Ifyouwanttotalk,rentavideo。
Sorry,DVD。
Don’tpunctuateyoursentenceswithprofanitiesinpublic。
It’sOKwithfellowfoul-mouthedfuckers,butmanypeoplearelikelytobeeitheroffendedorboredbyyourrepetitiveandunimaginativeuseofvocabulary.Don’tthink“Iwasherefirst”isatrumpcard。
Letsomeoneelsegofirstiftheirneedisgreater。
Apersonwhoonlyeverassertstheirrightsisn'tnecessarilyalwaysintheright.Don'twriteinandsaytheserulesarestupid.They’renot。
TheGlobalFoodCrisis
[1]Lastyeartheskyrocketingcostoffoodwasawake-upcallfortheplanet。
Between2005andthesummerof2008,thepriceofwheatandcorntripled,andthepriceofriceclimbedfivefold,spurringfoodriotsinnearlytwodozencountriesandpushing75millionmorepeopleintopoverty。
Butunlikepreviousshocksdrivenbyshort-termfoodshortages,thispricespikecameinayearwhentheworld’sfarmersreapedarecordgraincrop.Thistime,thehighpriceswereasymptomofalargerproblemtuggingatthestrandsofourworldwidefoodweb,onethat’snotgoingawayanytimesoon。
Simplyput:
Formostofthepastdecade,theworldhasbeenconsumingmorefoodthanithasbeenproducing.Afteryearsofdrawingdownstockpiles,in2007theworldsawglobalcarryoverstocksfallto61daysofglobalconsumption,thesecondlowestonrecord。
Agriculturalproductivitygrowthisonlyonetotwopercentayear.Thisistoolowtomeetpopulationgrowth.
[2]Highpricesaretheultimatesignalthatdemandisoutstrippingsupply,thatthereissimplynotenoughfoodtogoaround.Suchagflationhitsthepoorestbillionpeopleontheplanetthehardest,sincetheytypicallyspend50to70percentoftheirincomeonfood.Eventhoughpriceshavefallenwiththeimplodingworldeconomy,theyarestillnearrecordhighs,andtheunderlyingproblemsoflowstockpiles,risingpopulation,andflatteningyieldgrowthremain.Climatechange-withitshottergrowingseasonsandincreasingwaterscarcity—isprojectedtoreducefutureharvestsinmuchoftheworld,raisingthespecterofwhatsomescientistsarenowcallingaperpetualfoodcrisis.
[3]Withworldpopulationspiralingtowardninebillionbymid—century,theseexpertsnowsayweneedarepeatperformance,doublingcurrentfoodproductionby2030。
Inotherwords,weneedanotherGreenRevolution。
Andweneeditinhalfthetime.
[4]Eversinceourancestorsgaveuphuntingandgatheringforplowingandplantingsome12,000yearsago,ournumbershavemarchedinlockstepwithouragriculturalprowess。
Eachadvance—thedomesticationofanimals,irrigation,wetriceproduction—ledtoacorrespondingjumpinhumanpopulation.Everytimefoodsuppliesplateaued,popul
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