企业价值与股利政策英文文献Word文件下载.docx
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企业价值与股利政策英文文献Word文件下载.docx
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sstrategicfinancingdecision.Itessentiallyinvolvesafirm'
sdirectorsdecidinghowmuchofthefirm'
searnings,afterinterestandtaxes(EAIT),shouldbedistributedtothefirm'
sordinaryshareholdersinreturnfortheirinvestmentinthefirm,andhowmuchshouldberetainedtofinancefuturegrowthanddevelopment.(SterkandVandenberg2004441-55)Theobjectiveofthefirm'
sdividenddecision,likeallfinancialdecisions,shouldbethemaximisationofshareholderwealth.Ifanoptimaldividendpolicydoesexistthenclearlymanagersshouldconcernthemselveswithitsdetermination;
ifitdoesnot,thenanydividendpolicywilldo,asonepolicywillbeequaltoanother.Itshouldbenotedthatthedividenddecisionanddividendpolicyrelateonlytoordinarysharecapital.(AsquithandMullins200377-96)Thepaymentofpreferencesharedividendsisnotconsideredpartofafirm'
sdividendpolicy,asthelevelof,ormethodofcalculating,thepreferencedividendisfixedinadvancebythetermsandconditionsoftheoriginalpreferenceshareoffer.Onceadividendpolicyhasbeenformulated,settingouttheamountandtiming,etc.ofdividendpayments,itshouldbefollowedwithstabilityandconsistencyasitsguidingprinciples.Asweshalldiscusslater,changestoafirm'
sdividendpolicycanbeinterpretedinvariouswaysbythefinancialmarkets,sometimeswithdramaticconsequencesforthefirm'
sshareprice.Youwillnotethatthedividenddecisionismadeatthelevelofthefirm'
smostseniormanagers-atboardofdirectorlevel.Itisthedirectorswhowilldecidetheamountandtimingofdividendpayments.UnderUKcompanylawthedirectorscannotbecompelledtorecommendadividendandshareholderscannotvotethemselvesahigherdividendthanthatrecommendedbythedirectors.(BajajandVijh2004193)PaymentofdividendsIntheUK,incommonwithmanyothercountries,dividendsareusuallypaidtoshareholderstwiceayear.Aninterimpaymentismadehalf-waythroughthefinancialyear,withafinalpaymentbeingmadeaftertheendofthefinancialyear.Dividendsarepaidtotheshareholderslistedonafirm'
sShareRegisteronaspecifieddate,knownastheRecordDate.(SterkandVandenberg2004441-55)Inthestockmarket,sharesoflistedcompaniesaretradedonwhatisknownaseitheracum-dividendorex-dividendbasis.Alistedcompany'
ssharesaretradedcum-dividendforaperiodafterthecompanyannouncesitsresults,interimandfinal.Whenthesharesaretradingcum-dividend,buyersoftheshareswillbeentitledtoreceivethedividendpayment.Whenthesharesaretradingex-dividend,buyerswillnotbeentitledtoreceiveadividendpayment.Thisexplainswhy(assumingtheabsenceofanyotherrelevantfactors)thereisusuallyadropinashare'
sprice,roughlyequivalenttothevalueofthedividendpershare,whenthesharegoesex-dividend.(Impson2005422-27)Forinstance,distributingcapitalorcertaintypesofreserves(e.g.sharepremiumaccount)asdividendsisprohibitedbycompanylaw.Thedeterminationofdistributableprofitsissetoutinadetailedcodeofstatutoryregulations.Forpublicandprivatecompanies,theCompaniesAct2003definesdistributableprofitsas:
'
accumulatedrealisedprofits,sofarasnotpreviouslyutilisedbydistributionorcapitalisation,lessaccumulatedrealisedlosses,sofarasnotpreviouslywrittenoffinareductionorreorganisationofcapitaldulymade'
.Theselegalrestrictionsonthepaymentsofdividendsarenecessarytomaintainthecapitalofacompanyandtoprotecttherightsandclaimsofcreditors.Therelevance(orirrelevance)ofdividendpolicytothevalueofthefirmhasbeenoneofthemostwidelyresearchedtopicsinfinanceandaccounting.Argumentshavebeenadvancedonallsidesoftheissue.Giventheinabilitytostructureasingleconceptualrelationshipbetweendividendpolicyandthevalueofthefirm,empiricalstudiesoftherelationshipbetweendividendsandfirmvaluehavetakenonincreasedimportance.Previousstudieshaveusedeithershort-runmeasuresofstockpriceorrisk-adjustedreturnstomeasurefirmvalue.(JoseandStevens2004652)Dividendannouncementstudieshaveexaminedtheimmediatereactionofthefirm’sstockpricetoadividendannouncementtodetermineifthestockpricefallsbymoreorlessthantheamountofthedividend.Findingsfromannouncementstudiessuggestthatinvestorsdiscountdividends.Otherstudieshavetestedfortherelationshipbetweenrisk-adjustedreturnsanddividendyield.Usingshort-runholdingperiods,thesestudieshavefoundthatinvestorsrequirehigherrisk-adjustedreturnsfromhigherdividendyieldstocks.Whiletherearecontroversiesovertheshort-runmeasuresandassumptionsofassetpricingmodelsrelatingreturnstofirmvalue,theempiricalfindingshaveconsistentlysuggestedthathigherdividendcommitmentslowerthevalueofthefirm.(Bernstein20054-15)MultipleMeasuresofDividendPolicyDividend"
policy"
impliesaconsciousmanagementofdividenddistributionsovertime.Surveysindicatethatmanagerstendtofocusonthepayoutratiointhelongrun,butsmoothdividendsintheshortrun.(Bakeretal20041-8)Inthelongerrun,thelevelofthefirm'
saveragepayoutratiocapturesthefirm'
scommitmenttothelevelofdividenddistributionoutofearnings.However,overtimethefirmneednotadheretothesameshort-runpayoutratiotoaccomplishthelonger-runobjectiveunlessearningsarestable.Ifdividendspershareareconsciouslysmoothedrelativetoearnings,thefirm'
spayoutratiowillbevolatile.Thegreaterthevolatilityinthepayoutratio,thegreaterthesmoothingofdividends.Thevolatilityofdividendsaroundtheirtrendreflectstheinherentdividendstabilityaspectsofthepolicy.(Woolridge2002237-47)Measuresoftheaveragepayoutratio(APOR),dividendstabilityaroundthedividendtimetrend(R2LDPS),andpayoutratiovolatility(SDPOR)areusedtorepresentthefirm'
spolicywithrespecttodividendlevels,stability,andsmoothing.ThedividendpaymentInpracticaltermsafirm'
sdividendpaymentisimportanttoitsshareholders.Itispartofthereturnwhichshareholdersreceivefortheirinvestmentinthefirm.Thedividendpaymentisalsoafavouredmethodbywhichshareholdersandinvestorsestimateafirm'
ssharevalue,wherethevalueofashareisequaltothepresentvalueoftheexpectedfuturedividendpayments-thedividendvaluationmodelNoticethetendencyforthefinaldividendtobesignificantlygreaterthantheinterim-thisisthecommon,financiallyprudent,approachadoptedbymostcompanyboards.(Michaely2005573)Clearlydirectorswillwishtobecertainofhowacompanyhasperformedfortheyearoverall,beforecommittingvaluablecashresourcestoadividendpayment.Shareholders,dependingupontheindividualcompany'
sarticlesofassociation,mayhavetherighttoreceivedividendsintheformoffullypaidordinarysharesinsteadofcash,iftheysoelect.Undersuchaplanshareholderscan,iftheywish,usetheentirecashdividendtobuyadditionalsharesofthecompanyinthemarket,usuallyatacompetitivedealingrate.(Christie2004459-80)DividendcoverThedividendcoverratioindicatesthevulnerability,orthemarginofsafety,ofdividendpaymentstoadropinearnings.NotwithstandingtheabolitionofACT,taxcreditswillcontinuetobeavailabletoindividualshareholdersresidentfortaxpurposesintheUK,althoughtheamountofthetaxcreditwillbereducedtoone-ninthoftheamountofthenet,orcashdividend-equivalentto10percentofthegrossdividend.Lowerandbasicratetaxpayers,asbefore6April2006,willhavenofartherliabilitytotaxontheirdividends.Higherratetaxpayerswill,asbefore,beabletooffsetthetaxcreditagainsttheirliabilitytotaxonthegrossdividend.UKresidentindividualshareholderswhoarenotliabletoincometaxinrespectofthedividendwillnotgenerallybeentitledtoreclaimanypartofthetaxcredit.TaxcreditsarenolongeravailabletoUKpensionfunds.(Bakeretal200378-84)UnderlegislationintroducedintheFinance(No.2)Act2005,UKpensionfundsarenotentitledtoreclaimthetaxcreditsondividendspaidtothembyacompany.Similarly,after6April2006taxcreditsinrespectofdividendspaid,whichconstitutestheincomeofacharityorventurecapitaltrust,willnotberepaid.Thereissomespeculationthat,inthefuture,companiesmayincreasetheirdividenddistributionstocompensatetheseinvestinginstitutionsforthelossoftheirtaxcredits.(Miller20031031)Overtimemanytheoriesondividendpolicy,oftencontroversialones,haveemerged.Thecentralareaofcontroversyhas,andcontinuestobe,concernedwithwhetherornotthereisarealconnectionbetweendividendpolicyandthemarketvalueofthefirm.Inthissectionwewillreviewthefollowingmaintheoriesofdividendpolicy:
1theresidualtheoryofdividendpolicy;
2dividendirrelevancytheory;
3thebird-in-the-handtheory;
4dividendsignallingtheory;
5thedividendclienteleeffect;
6agencycosttheory.
TheresidualtheoryofdividendpolicyTheessenceoftheresidualtheoryofdividendpolicyisthatthefirmwillonlypaydividendsfromresidualearnings,thatis,fromearningsleftoverafterallsuitable(positiveNPV)investmentopportunitieshavebeenfinanced.Recallfromthepreviouschapterthat,accordingtoMyers'
PeckingOrderTheory,managerswillprefertoutiliseretainedearningsastheprimarysourceofinvestmentfinancing,beforeresortingtoissuingdebtorequity.Retainedearningsarethemostimportantsourceoffinancingformostcompanies.(Ang2003)Theyar
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