届高三英语二轮复习专题三阅读理解第四讲主旨大意题.docx
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届高三英语二轮复习专题三阅读理解第四讲主旨大意题.docx
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届高三英语二轮复习专题三阅读理解第四讲主旨大意题
主旨大意题
题型1 概括主旨大意类
[示例] (2017·全国卷Ⅲ,C)Afteryearsofheateddebate,graywolveswerereintroducedtoYellowstoneNationalPark.FourteenwolveswerecaughtinCanadaandtransportedtothepark.Bylastyear,theYellowstonewolfpopulationhadgrowntomorethan170wolves.
GraywolvesoncewereseenhereandthereintheYellowstoneareaandmuchofthecontinentalUnitedStates,buttheyweregraduallydisplacedbyhumandevelopment.Bythe1920s,wolveshadpracticallydisappearedfromtheYellowstonearea.TheywentfarthernorthintothedeepforestsofCanada,wheretherewerefewerhumansaround.
Thedisappearanceofthewolveshadmanyunexpectedresults.Deerandelkpopulations—majorfoodsources(来源)forthewolf—grewrapidly.Theseanimalsconsumedlargeamountsofvegetation(植被),whichreducedplantdiversityinthepark.Intheabsenceofwolves,coyotepopulationsalsogrewquickly.Thecoyoteskilledalargepercentageofthepark’sredfoxes,andcompletelydroveawaythepark’sbeavers.
Asearlyas1966,biologistsaskedthegovernmenttoconsiderreintroducingwolvestoYellowstonePark.Theyhopedthatwolveswouldbeabletocontroltheelkandcoyoteproblems.Manyfarmersopposedtheplanbecausetheyfearedthatwolveswouldkilltheirfarmanimalsorpets.
Thegovernmentspentnearly30yearscomingupwithaplantoreintroducethewolves.TheU.S.FishandWildlifeServicecarefullymonitorsandmanagesthewolfpacksinYellowstone.Today,thedebatecontinuesoverhowwellthegraywolfisfittinginatYellowstone.Elk,deer,andcoyotepopulationsaredown,whilebeaversandredfoxeshavemadeacomeback.TheYellowstonewolfprojecthasbeenavaluableexperimenttohelpbiologistsdecidewhethertoreintroducewolvestootherpartsofthecountryaswell.
8.Whatisthetextmainlyabout?
A.WildliferesearchintheUnitedStates.
B.PlantdiversityintheYellowstonearea.
C.Theconflictbetweenfarmersandgraywolves.
D.ThereintroductionofwolvestoYellowstonePark.
[解题思路]
第一步 速读文章,找出本篇主题句
After__years__of__heated__debate,__gray__wolves__were__reintroduced__to__Yellowstone__National__Park.
第二步 对比选项,确定答案
关键词复现:
wolves;__reintroduced;__Yellowstone__National__Park
尝试解答 ____D____
[答题技巧]
1.识别题干关键
(1)What’sthemainideaofthepassage/text?
(2)What’sthepassage/textmainlyabout?
(3)Whatdoestheauthormainlydiscussinthepassage/text?
2.“主题句定位”寻主旨
概括文章主旨关键在于查找主题句。
主题句是文章的核心,具有明确的概括性。
主题句的位置一般有以下几种:
(1)主题句出现在文首。
开门见山,提出主题,用细节来解释或拓展主题句所表达的主题思想,是最常见的演绎法写作方式。
新闻报道、说明文或议论文通常采用这种写法。
(2)主题句出现在文末。
在表述细节后,归纳要点以概括主题,是最常见的归纳法写作方式。
(3)主题句首尾呼应。
为突出主题,作者先提出主题,结束时再次点出主题。
(4)主题句出现在中间。
写作方式为:
细节描述——归纳主题——进一步解释。
3.找主题句的五个窍门
(1)首段转折处常引出文章主题句;
(2)主题句常包含文章主题词;
(3)主题句常是定义型或总结型的句子;
(4)首段出现疑问句时,对该问题的回答可能是主题句;
(5)首段出现具体例子或假设时,例子或假设后面的内容可能是主题句。
题型2 总结段落大意类
[示例] (2017·全国卷Ⅱ,C)TerrafugiaInc.saidMondaythatitsnewflyingcarhascompleteditsfirstflight,bringingthecompanyclosertoitsgoalofsellingtheflyingcarwithinthenextyear.Thevehicle—namedtheTransition—hastwoseats,fourwheelsandwingsthatfoldupsoitcanbedrivenlikeacar.TheTransition,whichflewat1,400feetf
oreightminuteslastmonth,canreacharound70milesperhourontheroadand115intheair.Itfliesusinga23gallontankofgasandburns5gallonsperhourintheair.Ontheground,itgets35milespergallon.
28.Whatisthefirstparagraphmainlyabout?
A.ThebasicdataoftheTransition.
B.Theadvantagesofflyingcars.
C.Thepotentialmarketforflyingcars.
D.ThedesignersoftheTransition.
[解题思路]
第一步 读本段文字,试找出能总结段落大意的关键词
has__two__seats;__four__wheels__and__wings;__at__1,400__feet;__reach__around__70__miles__per__hour等。
第二步 归纳本段大意
尝试解答 ____A____
[答题技巧]
1.识别题干关键
(1)Themainideaofthe...paragraphisprobably________.
(2)The...paragraphtalksabout________.
(3)What’sParagraph...mainlyabout?
2.“首尾兼顾”定选项
(1)每个段落通常都有一个中心,段落中心通常会在段首句体现出来。
有些采用归纳法的段落,细节表述在前,归纳概括在后,段落中心会在段尾句体现。
(2)注意某些段落没有明显的段落中心,需根据段落内容概括出中心。
题型3 标题归纳类
[示例] (2017·全国卷Ⅲ,D)TheIntelligentTransportteamatNewcastleUniversityhaveturnedanelectriccarintoamobilelaboratorynamed“DriveLAB”inordertounderstandthechallengesfacedbyolderdriversandtodiscoverwherethekeystresspointsare.
Researchshowsthatgivingupdrivingisoneofthekeyreasonsforafallinhealthandwellbeingamongolderpeople,leadingtothembecomingmoreisolated(隔绝)andinactive.
LedbyProfessorPhilBlythe,theNewcastleteamaredevelopinginvehicletechnologiesforolderdriverswhichtheyhopecouldhelpthemtocontinuedrivingintolaterlife.
Theseincludecustommadenavigation(导航)tools,nightvisionsystemsandintelligentspeedadaptations.PhilBlytheexplains:
“Formanyolderpeople,particularlythoselivingaloneorinthecountry,drivingisimportantforpreservingtheirindependence,givingthemthefreedomtogetoutandaboutwithouthavingtorelyonothers.”
“Butweallhavetoacceptthatasweget
olderourreactionsslowdownandthisoftenresultsinpeopleavoidinganypotentiallychallengingdrivingconditionsandlosingconfidenceintheirdrivingskills.Theresultisthatpeoplestopdrivingbeforetheyreallyneedto.”
DrAmyGuo,theleadingresearcherontheolderdriverstudy,explains:
“TheDriveLABishelpingustounderstandwhatthekeystresspointsanddifficultiesareforolderdriversandhowwemightusetechnologytoaddresstheseproblems.”
“Forexample,mostofuswouldexpectolderdriversalwaysgoslowerthaneveryoneelsebutsurprisingly,wefoundthatin30mphzonestheystruggledtokeepataconstantspeedandsoweremorelikelytobreakthespeedlimitandbeatriskofgettingfined.We’relookingatthebenefitsofsystemswhichcontroltheirspeedasawayofpreventingthat.”
“Wehopethatourworkwillhelpwithtechnologicalsolutions(解决方案)toensurethatolderdriversstaysaferbehindthewheel.”
15.Whatisthebesttitleforthetext?
A.ANewModelElectricCar
B.ASolutiontoTrafficProblems
C.DrivingServicesforElders
D.KeepingOlderDriversontheRoad
[解题思路]
第一步 速读全文,找出本文的信息句,并标出关键词
LedbyProfessorPhilBlythe,theNewcastleteamaredevelopinginvehicletechnologiesforolder__driverswhichtheyhopecouldhelpthemtocontinue__drivingintolaterlife.
第二步 比对选项,确定答案
关键词复现:
old__drivers;continue
尝试解答 ____D____
[答题技巧]
1.识别题干关键
(1)Whatisthebesttitleforthispassage?
(2)Themostsuitabletitleofthispassageis________.
(3)Whichofthefollowingcanbethebesttitleforthispassage?
2.“高度概括”定标题
(1)所选文章标题须能概括全文的中心内容。
标题是文章的点睛之笔,是文章的灵魂和门面。
为吸引读者的注意,标题往往比较醒目。
(2)一般文章的标题可根据主题句来判断,但在某些文章中,如记叙文,没有明确的主题句,需要根据文中的事实细节,查找文章的“主线”,归纳出文章的主题。
3.文章标题三特点
(1)一般为单词、短语或句子形式,短语居多;
(2)短小精悍,精确性强;
(3)涵盖性强,能覆盖全文大意。
[状元技法]
大局为重——主旨大意题解题两注意
1.主旨大意题难度较大,属于区分度很高的选拔性题目。
注意无论此类题目出现在什么位置都要最后做,需要通读全文后才能更好地把握文章主题,且文章中其他题目的解答会有助于对主题的理解。
2.注意主旨大意题干扰项的四个特征
(1)范围过大:
干扰项所归纳、概括的范围太大。
(2)断章取义:
干扰项常以文章的个别信息作为选项,或者以次要的事实或细节充当全文的主要观点。
(3)以偏概全:
干扰项只反映了文章的部分内容,也就是范围太小。
(4)无中生有:
干扰项的内容和文章的内容毫无联系。
[学生用书P53] )
A
(2017·云南昆明高三质检)Twoweeksago,a7yearoldgirl,ChloeBridgewaterwrotealettertoGoogle,expressingherinterestinworkingforthetechcompanywhenshegetsolder.“DearGoogleboss,mynameisChloeandwhenIambiggerIwouldlikeajobwithGoogle,”shewrote.“IalsowanttoworkinachocolatefactoryanddoswimmingintheOlympics.”Thestudentsaidshelikedcomputersandhadatabletsheplayedgameson.Sheevenshowedoffarobotgamethatherdadgaveher.
Itwasn’tlongbeforeSundarPichai,CEOofGoogle,repliedwithhisownletteronGooglewebsite.InaletterdatedFeb.3,Pichaiwrote,“DearChloe,I’mgladthatyoulikecomputersandrobots,andhopethatyouwillcontinuetolearnabouttechnology.Ithinkifyoukeepworkinghardandfollowyourdreams,youcanaccomplisheverythingyousetyourmindto.Ilookforwardtoreceivingyourjobapplicationwhenyouarefinishedwithschool!
”
Herfather,AndyBridgewatertoldABCNewshewascompletelyshockedthathisdaughterreceivedareply.Buthewasn’tsurprisedthatshedecidedtowritetheletterinthefirstplace.“She’sgotdetermination.Shedoesn’tseethebarriersthatwefaceeveryday,”heexplained.“Ifshewantstodoit,shewillsetouttodoitandnothingwillstopher.”
Thefatherremarkedthathisdaughterbeganjumpingupanddownafterreceivingtheletter.Still,he’snotinarushtosendhiseldestdaughterofftowork.“Now,mydaughterisconfident,althoughshehasn’tyetfullyunderstoodthatitwilltakemoreeffortsthanfinishingherstudytomakeitwithGoogle,”hesaid.
[解题导语] 本文是一篇记叙文,七岁女孩ChloeBridgewater给谷歌CEOSundarPichai写信,没想到却收到了Sundar的回信。
1.Chloe’slettertoPichaishowsusthatshe________.
A.expectstobeoneoftheGooglemembers
B.hasatalentformakingrobots
C.makesuphermindtostudyhard
D.buriesherselfincomputergames
A 解析:
细节理解题。
根据第一段第二句中的“whenIambiggerIwouldlikeajobwithGoogle”可知,她写信给谷歌CEO是希望长大后能在谷歌工作,故A项正确。
2.Wecanknowfromthetextthat________.
A.thegirlwrotethelettertoPichaionFebruary3
B.therearetwochildreninBridgewater’sfamily
C.Andydidn’texpectareplyfromPichaiatall
D.GoogleissuretohireChloeafterhergraduation
C 解析:
推理判断题。
根据第三段的第一句“Herfather,AndyBridgewatertoldABCNewshewascompletelyshockedthathisdaughterreceivedareply.”可知,Andy对于他的女儿能收到回信很惊讶,据此可推知,Andy根本没有指望会收到谷歌CEO的回信,故C项正确。
3.Whatisthemainideaofthetext?
A.A7yearoldgirlgetsajobwithGoogle.
B.CEOofGooglerespondstoagirl’sletter.
C.AfatherforbidshisgirltoworkforGoogle.
D.Googledecidestoemployitsyoungestclerk.
B 解析:
主旨大意题。
本文主要讲述七岁女孩ChloeBridgewater给谷歌CEO写信,希望长大后在谷歌公司工作,没想到谷歌CEO给她回了信,鼓励她努力学习,实现梦想。
故选B项。
B
(2017·江西名校联盟检测)Severaldecadesago,educatorsintheUSAbegantocallattent
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