南京各景点英文导游词Word下载.docx

南京各景点英文导游词Word下载.docx

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Dr.SunYatsen,alsonamedSunWenorSunZhongshan,isconsideredasthefatheroftheChinesedemocraticrevolution. 

BorninapeasantfamilyinGuangdongProvincein1866,hehadhisprimaryeducationinHonolulu,Hawaiisponsoredbyhiselderbrotherfrom1878to1883. 

Hewassosadwhenhesawthepovertyofthecountryuponhisreturn. 

Chinahadbeenasuperpowerforcenturies.ButsincethemiddleofQingDynastyinthe1800’s,Chinabegantodecline,whichowedagreatdealtothecorruptionsandincompetenceoftheQinggovernment.Foreigninvasionsandpeasantrebellionsmadeitevenworse. 

TheOpiumWarin1840endedwiththe“TreatyofNanjing”. 

Chinawasforcedtopayanindemnityof21millionsilverdollarsandcedeHongKongtotheGreatBritainandopen5freeportcitiestothewesterners,whichwereGuangzhou,Xiamen,Fuzhou,NingboandShanghai. 

FollowingwerethewarsagainlaunchedbyFrancein1883andJapanin1894. 

TheChinesepeoplelivedinamiserablelife. 

Theywerereferredtothe“sickmanoftheOrient”bythewesterners. 

Dr.SunYatsendreamedtosavethenationbypracticingmedicineandthatledhimtoHongKongtolearnmedicinewhenhewas21yearsold. 

However,itdidnotwork. 

TherealitymadehimgiveuphismedicalcareerinhishometownandMacaobutturntopoliticsin1893.

Fromthenon,hekeptpetitioningtotheQinggovernmentforreformsbutwasneverresponded. 

Atgreatdisappointment,heleftthecountrylaterandwentcanvassingextensivelyintheUnitedStatesofAmerica,EuropeandJapan,tryingtowinthesympathyandsupportfromtheoverseasChinese. 

Withthefundsraised,heorganized“ReviveChinaLeague”-China’sfirstbourgeoisorganization. 

Thefollowing1905witnessedthefoundingofthe“ChineseRevolutionaryLeague”headedbyDr.SunYatsen,apartywithaclear-cutprogramof“ExpelTartars,RestoreChina,EstablishRepublic&

EqualizeLand.” 

Dr.SunYatsenalsoputforth3democraticprinciplesof“Nationalism,Democracy&

People’sLivelihood”ashispoliticalgoal. 

ThearmedmovementsagainsttheQinggovernmenttookplacecontinuously.

Themostimportanteventfollowingwasthe1911RevolutioninWuhanledbyDr.SunYatsen,whichdrovethelastemperoroftheQingDynastyoutoftheForbiddenCityinBeijing,markingtheendoftheolddynasticsysteminChina. 

Inthesameyear,therepresentativesof17provincesmetinNanjingandelectedDr.SunYatsenpresidentoftheprovisionalgovernmentoftheRepublicofChina. 

OnJanuary1,1912itwasinNanjingwherethefirstrepublicinChinesehistorywasfoundedandDr.SunYatseninauguratedhispresidency.

Unfortunatelythenewrepublicwasthreatenedbypowerfulwarlordsinthenorth. 

Toavoidpoliticalcrisisandsavetherepublic,Dr.SunYatsencompromisedconditionallywiththemajornorthernwarlordnamedYuanShikaiwhohadbeenpursuingthenationalpowerforalongtime. 

HeresignedattheendofMarch1912,butneverstoppedpursuinghisgoal.

Soonafterthat,Chinawentintochaoticcivilwarsagain. 

Thesituationledtoaseriesofmovementslike“theSecondRevolution,”“SavetheRepublic,”“RestoretheLegislation”and“theNorthernExpeditions”inthefollowingyears. 

Dr.SunYatsenspentmostofhistimedealingwithwarlords. 

Notuntil1921,Dr.SunYatsenresumedhispresidencyinGuangzhou. 

AttheFirstNationalCongressoftheChineseKuomintangin1924,headoptedthepolicyof“AlliancewithRussiaandCommunists,AssistancetoPeasantsandWorkers”andofficiallyacknowledgedthecooperationbetweentheNationalistPartyandCommunistPartyinrunningthegovernment.

InNovemberof1924,Dr.SunYatsen,despitehispoorhealth,madeanexpeditiontothenorthwithhisambitiontoeliminatewarlords,expelimperialistsandabrogateunequaltreaties. 

HewaswarmlygreetedbythousandsofpeopleuponhisarrivalinBeijing. 

Hemetwithmanypoliticiansandwarlords,tryingtopersuadethemtogetunitedtobuildanewChina. 

Buttheresultdidnotlookoptimistic. 

Hebecameverysickduetohardworkandhadtobehospitalized. 

Thediagnosisturnedouthewassufferinganadvanced-stagelivercancer. 

Whenherealizeditwouldnotbeverylongforhimtostayinthisworld,hedictatedhisassistant3lastwills,onetohisparty,onetotheRussiangovernmentandtheothertohiswifeMadamSongQingling. 

OnMarch12,1925Dr.SunYatsenpassedawayinBeijingUnionHospital.

Dr.SunYatsenisagreatmanbecausehedevoted40yearsofhislifetopursuinghisdreamtooverthrowthefeudalmonarchyandbuildanuntieddemocraticChina.

WhywasDr.SunYatsenburiedinNanjinginsteadofinhishometownorBeijingwherehedied?

ThemausoleumsitewasfirstrecommendedtoDr.SunYatsenbytheabbotofLingguTempleforitsgoodgeomanticomen. 

OnedayinApril,1912whenhewenthuntingtothesitewithhisfriends,Dr.SunYatsenwasreallysoamazedbythebeautifulenvironmentthathewishedthepeoplewouldallowhimtobeburiedthereafterhisdeath. 

Heexpressedthisdesireagaininhissickbedin1925.

Dr.SunYatsen’sMausoleumisdesignedintheshapeofalibertybell,intendingtoremindpeoplenevertogetself-contented. 

Thewholearchitecture,fromthegateway,tothemainentrance,tabletpavilion,memorialhallandthetombvault,liesonthenorth-southaxiswith392stepsand10platformsinbetween. 

Thebuildingsareallconstructedwithnaturalgraniteandmarblesandcoveredbyblueglazed-tileroofs.

Oppositetothebronzeincense-burneroffthesquare,standsthe12-metrehighgatewayofthreearcheswithDr.SunYatsen’shandwriting“Fraternity”carvedonitsfronttop. 

The480-meterlongtombavenue,linedwithpine,gingkoandmapletrees,leadstothemainentrance. 

Dr.SunYatsen’smotto“TheWorldBelongstothePeople”canbeseenrightabovethedoorinthemiddle. 

Walkingthroughit,thefirstbuildingyouwillseeisthetabletpavilionwhichhousesahugetombstone.Thetombstoneisengravedwith“PremierDr.SunisburiedherebytheChineseNationalistPartyonJune1,1929.” 

Fromthere,apanoramicviewofthememorialhallcanbeobtained. 

However,therearestill290stepstogobeforeyoureachthememorialhallonthetop. 

Thememorialhallstands73.33metersabovetheground.InthecenterofthememorialhallsitstheItalianwhitemarblestatueofDr.SunYatsenmountedonapedestalcarvedinbas-reliefbyaPolishsculptor. 

ThesurroundingwallsareinscribedwiththenationalconstitutionwrittenbyDr.SunYatsen. 

Beyondthememorialhallisthetombvault.Standingbythepoolinside,ifyoulookdown,youbowtoseeDr.SunYatsen’srecliningmarblestatuewithhisbodyburied5metersunderneath. 

Ifyoulookup,youfindtheemblemoftheNationalistPartyontheceiling.

Whenyouwrapupyourhomagetourandstepdown,youwillnotonlyenjoyabird’s-eyeviewofbeautifulNanjing,butalsofeeltotallyrelievedbecauseyoudonotseeanymorethose392stepsyouhaveconquered. 

Notuntilthen,youwillnotunderstandhowgreatDr.SunYatsenis.

MingTomb

The600-year-oldMingTomb,lyingatthesouthernfootofthePurpleMountain,isthetombforZhuYuanzhang,thefirstemperoroftheMingDynastyfrom1368to1398. 

BornintoapoorpeasantfamilyinFengyangCounty,AnhuiProvincein1328,ZhuYuanzhanglosthisparentsinhischildhoodandbecameamonkatHuangjueTemple.In1352,hejoinedtheRedTurbanArmyledbyGuoZixin.HemarriedGuoZixin’sadopteddaughterandbecamethecommandinggenerallater.ZhuYuanzhangtookoverNanjingin1356andmadeitthecapitalin1368whenheconqueredtherestpartsofChinaandestablishedtheMingDynasty.

ZhuYuanzhangbegantohavehistombbuiltin1381whenhiswifedied.Theempresswasburiedinthetombin1383.ButEmperorZhuYuanzhangdiedin1398andwasburiedhereinthesameyear.

Nowwearereachingthetombgate,knownasGrandGoldenGate.MingTombisdividedintotwoparts.ThefirstpartisfromHorseDismountingArchGatetoLinxinGate,1800meterslong,servingasthetombavenue.Thesecondpartisthetombitself.Therewasoriginallyagrandredwall,22.5kilometerslong,enclosingthewholetombarea.Thetombcomplexwasverylargewithmanysplendidbuildings.100000pineswereplantedand1000deerraisedinside.Unfortunately,thislargegroupofbuildingswasruinedduringthewartime,oncebetweentheMingandQingDynastiesandtheothertimewhenTaipingPeasantArmywassuppressedbytheQingDynastyarmy.Allthewoodenstructuresweredestroyed.Howeverwecanstillseetheexquisitestonecarvingsfromthestonebasesandimaginehowitlookedlike600yearsago.

AttheHorseDismountingArchGate,theinscriptioncanbeseen"

Alltheofficialsmustdismountfromtheirhorsebackshere"

.ThisshowstheabsolutedignityofEmperorZhuYuanzhangatthattime.

Hereweareatthesquarecity,alsocalledthestonetablethouse.Itstopisgonebutthesurroundingwallsandfourarchwaysarestillremaining,justlikeacastle.TheGreatMingDynastyWonderfulAchievementsandMeritsTablet,8.78metershigh,builtin1413bythethirdemperoroftheMingDynasty,isthehighestancienttabletinNanjing.Therearealtogether2746Chine