美国文学复习Word文档格式.docx

美国文学复习Word文档格式.docx

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Itistherealisticwritingthatprobesdeeplyintothecomplexitiesofcharacters’thoughtsandmotivations.HenryJamesisconsideredthefounderofpsychologicalrealism.HisnovelTheAmbassadorsisconsideredtobeamasterpieceofpsychologicalrealism.

AmericanNaturalism:

Americannaturalismwasanewandharsherrealism.Americannaturalismhadbeenshapedbythewar;

bythesocialupheavalsthatunderminedthecomfortingfaithofanearlierage.America’sliterarynaturalistsdismissedthevalidityofcomfortingmoraltruths.Theyattemptedtoachieveextremeobjectivityandfrankness,presentingcharactersoflowsocialandeconomicclasseswhoweredeterminedbytheirenvironmentandheredity.Inpresentingtheextremesoflife,thenaturalistssometimesdisplayedanaffinitytothesensationalismofearlyromanticism,butunliketheirromanticpredecessors,thenaturalistsemphasizedthattheworldwasamoral,thatmenandwomenhadnofreewill,thatliveswerecontrolledbyheredityandenvironment,thatthedestinyofhumanitywasmiseryinlifeandoblivionindeath.Althoughnaturalistliteraturedescribedtheworldwithsometimesbrutalrealism,itsometimesalsoaimedatbetteringtheworldthroughsocialreform.

Regionalism：

Regionalismasatrendfirstmadeitspresencefeltinthelate1860sandearlyseventiesinAmerica.Itmaybedefinedasthecarefulattegogomsinspeech,dressorbehaviorpeculiartoageographicallocality.Theultimateaimofthelocalcoloristsistocreatetheillusionofanindigenouslittleworldwithqualitiesthattellitapartfromtheworldoutside.ThesocialandintellectualclimateofthecountryprovidedastimulatingmilieuforthegrowthoflocalcolorfictioninAmerica.Localcoloristsconcernedthemselveswithpresentingandinterpretingthelocalcharacteroftheirregions.Theytendedtoidealizeandglorify,buttheyneverforgottokeepaneyeonthetruthfulcoloroflocallife.Theyformedanimportantpartoftherealisticmovement.Althoughitlostitsmomentumtowardtheendofthe19thcentury,thelocalspiritcontinuedtoinspireandfertilizetheimaginationofauthor.

TheGildedAge：

theGildedAgereferstotheeraofrapideconomicandpopulationgrowthintheUnitedStatesduringthepost-CivilWarandpost-Reconstructionerasofthelate19thcentury（1865-1901）.Theterm"

GildedAge"

wascoinedbyMarkTwainandCharlesDudleyWarnerintheir1873book,TheGildedAge:

ATaleofToday.Thenamereferstotheprocessofgildingandismeanttoridiculeostentatiousdisplay.

LocalColorism:

LocalColorismorRegionalismasatrendfirstmadeitspresencefeltinthelate1860sandearlyseventiesinAmerica.Itmaybedefinedasthecarefulattegogomsinspeech,dressorbehaviorpeculiartoageographicallocality.Theultimateaimofthelocalcoloristsistocreatetheillusionofanindigenouslittleworldwithqualitiesthattellitapartfromtheworldoutside.ThesocialandintellectualclimateofthecountryprovidedastimulatingmilieuforthegrowthoflocalcolorfictioninAmerica.Localcoloristsconcernedthemselveswithpresentingandinterpretingthelocalcharacteroftheirregions.Theytendedtoidealizeandglorify,buttheyneverforgottokeepaneyeonthetruthfulcoloroflocallife.Theyformedanimportantpartoftherealisticmovement.Althoughitlostitsmomentumtowardtheendofthe19thcentury,thelocalspiritcontinuedtoinspireandfertilizetheimaginationofauthor.

LostGeneration:

Thistermhasbeenusedagainandagaintodescribethepeopleofthepostwaryears.ItdescribestheAmericanswhoremainedinParisasacolonyof“expatriates”orexiles.ItdescribesthewriterslikeHemingwaywholivedinsemipoverty.ItdescribestheAmericanswhoreturnedtotheirnativelandwithanintenseawarenessoflivinginanunfamiliarchangingworld.TheyoungEnglishandAmericanexpatriates,menandwomen,werecaughtinthewarandcutofffromtheoldvaluesandyetunabletocometotermswiththenewerawhencivilizationhadgonemad.Theywanderedpointlesslyandrestlessly,enjoyingthingslikefishing,swimming,bullfightandbeautiesofnature,buttheywereawareallthewhilethattheworldiscrazyandmeaninglessandfutile.Theirwholelifeisundercutanddefeated.

82.Lyric:

Apoem,usuallyashortone,thatexpressesaspeaker’spersonalthoughtsorfeelings.Theelegy,ode,andsonnetareallformsofthelyric.

Imagism:

It’sapoeticmovementofEnglandandtheU.S.flourishedfrom1909to1917.Themovementinsistsonthecreationofimagesinpoetryby“thedirecttreatmentofthething”andtheeconomyofwording.TheleadersofthismovementwereEzraPoundandAmyLowell.

Impressionism：

Impressionismwasaformofartisticexpressioninthe19thcentury.Itwasmostpervasiveinpainting，butitwasalsofoundinliteratureandart.Theterm“impressionism”firstappearedin1874inanewspaperreviewofanexhibitionheldinthestudiobyagroupofyoungpainters.ItwastakendirectlyfromthetitleofMonet‘sImpression：

Sunrise.

HemingwayHeroes

Steam-of-Consciousness:

“Stream-of-Consciousness”or“interiormonologue”,isoneofthemodernliterarytechniques.Itisthestyleofwritingthatattemptstoimitatethenaturalflowofacharacter’sthoughts,feelings,reflections,memories,andmentalimagesasthecharacterexperiencesthem.Itwasfirstusedin1922bytheIrishnovelistJamesJoyce.Thosenovelsbrokethroughtheboundsoftimeandspace,anddepictedvividlyandskillfullytheunconsciousactivityofthemindfastchangingandflowingincessantly,particularlythehesitant,misted,distractedandillusorypsychologypeoplehadwhentheyfacedreality.ThemodernAmericanwriterWilliamFaulknersuccessfullyadvancedthistechnique.Inhisstories,actionandplotswerelessimportantthanthereactionsandinnermusingsofthenarrators.Timesequenceswereoftendislocated.Thereaderfeelshimselftobeaparticipantinthestories,ratherthananobserver.Ahighdegreeofemotioncanbeachievedbythistechnique.

MultiplePointsofView:

ItisoneoftheliterarytechniquesWilliamFaulknerused,whichshowswithinthesamestoryhowthecharactersreacteddifferentlytothesamepersonorthesamesituation.Theuseofthistechniquegavethestoryacircularformwhereinoneeventwasthecenter,withvariouspointsofviewradiatingfromit.Themultiplepointsofviewtechniquemakesthereaderrecognizethedifficultyofarrivingatatruejudgment.

TheJazzAge:

TheJazzAgedescribestheperiodaftertheendofWorldWarI,throughtheRoaringTwenties,endingwiththeonsetoftheGreatDepression.TraditionalvaluesofthepreviousperioddeclinedwhiletheAmericanstockmarketsoared.

Theagetakesitsnamefrompopularmusic,whichsawatremendoussurgeinpopularity.Amongtheprominentconcernsandtrendsoftheperiodarethepublicembraceoftechnologicaldevelopmentstypicallyseenasprogress—cars,airtravelandthetelephone-aswellasnewmodernisttrendsinsocialbehavior,thearts,andculture.CentraldevelopmentsincludedArtDecodesignandarchitecture.ThephrasewascoinedbythewriterF.ScottFitzgerald,whogreatlycriticizedthisneweraof'

relaxation'

innovelssuchasTheGreatGatsby.

TheEraofModernism：

Theyearsfrom1910to1930areoftencalledtheEraofModernism,forthereseemstohavebeeninbothEuropeandAmericaastrongawarenessofsomesortof“break”withthepast.Thenewartistssharedadesiretocapturethecomplexityofmodernlife,tofocusonthevarietyandconfusionofthe20thcenturybyreshapingandsometimesdiscardingtheideasandhabitsofthe19thcentury.TheEraofModernismwasindeedtheeraoftheNew.

Confessionalpoetry:

Confessionalpoetryemphasizestheintimate,andsometimesunflattering,informationaboutdetailsofthepoet'

spersonallife,suchasinpoemsaboutillness,sexuality,anddespondence.Theconfessionalistlabelwasappliedtoanumberofpoetsofthe1950sand1960s.JohnBerryman,AllenGinsberg,RobertLowell,SylviaPlath,TheodoreRoethke,AnneSexton,andWilliamDeWittSnodgrasshaveallbeencalled'

ConfessionalPoets'

.Asfreshanddifferentastheworkofthesepoetsappearedatthetime,itisalsotruethatseveralpoetsprominentinthecanonofWesternliterature,perhapsmostnotablySextusPropertiusandPetrarch,couldeasilysharethelabelof"

confessional"

withtheconfessionalpoetsofthefiftiesandsixties.

BeatGeneration：

TheBeatGenerationinAmericareferstoagroupofAmericanyoungsterswhorefusedtoaccept“respectability”andconventionalsocialbehaviourandwhocultivatedarootlessmannerofliving.ThedistinctivefeaturesoftheBeatGenerationisthattheyusedaspecialslanglanguageandlovedjazz.TheBeatGenerationwasrepresentedbyGinsberg‘sHowl

andJackKeroual‘sontheroad.

Dramaticconflict

Feminism:

Feminismreferstopolitical,cultural,andeconomicmovementsaimedatestablishinggreaterrightsandlegalprotectionsforwomen.Feminismincludessomeofthesociologicaltheoriesandphilosophiesconcernedwithissuesofgenderdifference.Itisalsoamovementthatcampaignsforwomen'

srightsandinterests.[1][2][3][4][5]NancyCottdefines