句子结构Word格式文档下载.docx

句子结构Word格式文档下载.docx

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Itwasraininghard.Theycouldnotworkinthefields.

Itwasrainingsohardthattheycouldnotworkinthefields.

Theycouldnotworkinthefieldsbecauseitwasraininghard.

Linkingdevices连接词

•Conjunctions（连词）areclassifiedascoordinating（协调）,joiningsentenceelementsofequalgrammaticalrank,andassubordinating（从属的）,joiningelementsofunequalrank.

•Coordinatingconjunctionsjoingrammaticallyequalsentenceelements;

thatis,theyjoinawordtoaword,aphrasetoaphrase,oraclausetoaclause.Theythusprovideimportantopportunitiestouseparallelism.

•1.coordinateconjunctions（并列连词）:

and,but,or

•Theelementstheyjoinmustbeequalgrammatically.

Pressuresatthebulkhead（隔板）,theseal（密封口）,andthecove（凹口）areshown.

Pressuresatthebulkhead,attheseal,andinthecoveareshown.

•2.Correlativeconjunctions（关系连词）

•either…or,both…and,notonly…butalso

Themicroprocessor（微处理器）providesbothradiometercontrolfunctionsandformatsthedata.

Themicroprocessorbothcontrolstheradiometerandformatsthedata.

•Poor:

Thesubsystemnotonlymeasurestemperaturebutitalsoprovidesreal-timedisplays.

•Better:

Thesubsystemnotonlymeasurestemperaturebutalsoprovidesreal-timedisplays.

Thisduct（输送管）serveseitherasaneducatorthatprovidesanexittotheatmosphereorasaninductorsuckingairintothesystem.

Thisductserveseitherasaneducatorexitingairtotheatmosphereorasaninductorsuckingairintothesystem.

•3.Adverbialconjunctions（副词连接词）

•therefore,however,thus,hence,otherwise.

•because,though,after,where,sothat:

•As,since,andwhilehavemeaningotherthanthoseinvolvingtime,sothatcaremustbetakentoensurethattheirmeaningisclear.

•Conjunctiveadverbscanbeusedtojoinindependentclausesonly.Incontrasttocoordinateconjunctions,conjunctiveadverbshavemoremodifyingcharacterandlessconnectiveforce.

•Thedifferencesweregenerallyabout11%,butlargerdifferencesoccurredat-15°

.

•Thedifferencesweregenerallyabout11%;

however,largerdifferencesoccurredat-15°

•*Clausesjoinedbyconjunctiveadverbsmustbeseparatedbyasemicolonoraperiod.

•4SubordinatingConjunctions（从属连词）

•That，which，who

•Sheisateacherwhoisrespectedbyallherstudents.

•Thattheseven-term（限，区间）functiondoesnotresultin（导致，得出）agoodapproximation（近似值）isapparent（显然的）.（nounclauses）

Thelistenersbelievethenoisemighthurtthem.

Thelistenersbelievethatthenoisemighthurtthem.

•Mostlogical

•TypeOne连贯

Amanisjudgednotonlybywhathesaysbutalsobyhisdeeds.

•Revised:

Amanisjudgednotonlybywhathesaysbutalsobywhathedoes.

Amanisjudgednotonlybyhiswordsbutalsobyhisdeeds.

Wethoughtshewascharming,intelligent,andaverycapableyoungwoman.

Wethoughtshewasacharming,intelligent,andaverycapableyoungwoman.

Wethoughtshewascharming,intelligent,andverycapable.

•Shetoldmysisterthatshewaswrong.

•Hewasknockeddownbyabicycle,butitwasnotserious.

•IamgoingtothelectureonmodernChinesedrama,becauseheisadramatistIlike.

•TypeTwo一致

Lookingoutofthewindow,thegrasslandstretchesasfarastheeyecanreach.

Lookingoutofthewindow,he（she/I）canseethegrasslandstretchingasfarastheeyecanreach.

Onenteringtheclassroomthestudentsstoodupandsaid,“GoodMorning!

”

Whentheteacherenteredtheclassroom,thestudentsstoodupandsaid,“Goodmorning!

Togetreadyforthetrip,allthethingssheneededwereputintoasuitcase.

Togetreadyforthetrip,sheputallthethingssheneededintoasuitcase.

•

•Buttheresomesetphrasesoftenusedtomodifythewholesentencesandtheyarenodanglingmodifiers.Forexample:

•Judgingbywhatthenewspapershavesaid,hislatestplayisquitesuccessfully.

•Tobefrank,heisnottherightmanforthisimportantjob.

•TypeThree措辞

Ireadaninterestingstoryinamagazineaboutsportsmen.

•Sportsmenshouldmodify“story”,not“magazine”.

Ireadinamagazineaninterestingstoryaboutsportsmen.

InamagazineIreadaninterestingstoryaboutsportsmen.

Sheboughtseveralpicturebooksandputthemintoherbag,whichsheintendedtogivetoherchildren.

Sheboughtseveralpicturebooksforthechildrenandputthemintoherbag.

Sheputherbagthepicturebooksshehadboughtforherchildren.

ConsistencyinTenseandVoice

TenseConsistency

•Averbinasubordinateclauseshouldrelatelogicallyintensetotheverbintheprincipalclause.

Astheweddingbegan,thebride’smotherstartstocry.

Astheweddingbegan,thebride’smotherstartedtocry.

Bythetimethefirehadbeenextinguished（熄灭）,thepriceless（无价的）paintingshadbeendestroyed.

Bythetimethefirewasextinguished,thepricelesspaintingshadbeendestroyed.

•2.ThePresentInfinitive

•Alwaysusethepresentinfinitive（todo）afteraperfecttense:

Theyhadhopedtoholdaspringpicnic.

•3.SpecialUseofthePresentTense

•Usethepresenttensetoexpressuniversally（普遍的）truestatementsortimeless（永恒的）facts:

•Iceformsat32degree（F）.

•TherainyseasonseldomarrivesinCalifornia.

•Shetoldthecampersthatmosquitoesarepartofnature.

Voice

•Fivesituationswhenthepassivevoiceisappropriate:

•1.Whentheactorisunimportant,notknown,ornottobementioned.

•Ihavemyhaircuteverymonth.

•Whenthereceiveroftheactionshouldbeemphasized.

•Hewaspraisedhighlyafterthewar.

•3.Whenthesentenceisabrupt（生硬的）inactivevoice.

•4.Whenvarietyisneededinanactivevoice.

•5.Whenaweakimperative（命令）isneeded.

•Thefiguresshouldbecorrectedquickly.

Run-onSentence不断句的问题

•指在连接句子时没有使用适当的标点符号或连词来连接两个或两个以上独立的句子。

这类错误主要有4种修改方式：

•1.用句号把不断句分成两个句子。

Gettingmarriediseasystayingmarriedisadifferentmatter.

Gettingmarriediseasy.Stayingmarriedisadifferentmatter.

2.用分号把不断句分成两个句子。

AskthefirstpersonyouseeiftheywillhelpyouIamsuretheywill.

Askthefirstpersonyouseeiftheywillhelpyou;

Iamsuretheywill.

3.使用适当的并列连词或从属连词

Gettingmarriediseasy,stayingmarriedisadifferentmatter.

4.将其中一个独立句子改成从句或分词短语。

KiranDesaihaswontheBookerPrizewithherfirstnovelsheisanIndianauthorresidinginGreatBritain.

KiranDesai,whoisanIndianauthorresidinginGreatBritain,haswontheBookerPrizewithherfirstnovel.