Rules of Word Stress in EnglishWord文档下载推荐.docx
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Rules of Word Stress in EnglishWord文档下载推荐.docx
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Forafewwords,nativeEnglishspeakersdon'
talways"
agree"
onwheretoputthestress.Forexample,somepeoplesay
teleVIsion
andotherssay
TELevision.Anotherexampleis:
CONtroversy
conTROversy.
4Stressonante-penultimatesyllable
(ante-penultimate=thirdfromend)
-cy,
-ty,
-phy
-gy
deMOcracy,dependaBIlity,phoTOgraphy,geOLogy
-al
CRItical,geoLOGical
5Compoundwords
(wordswithtwoparts)
Forcompound
nouns,thestressisonthe
first
part
BLACKbird,GREENhouse
adjectives,thestressisonthe
second
bad-TEMpered,old-FASHioned
verbs,thestressisonthe
tounderSTAND,tooverFLOW
SIXBASICRULES
tohelpyouplacethetonicaccentonmulti-syllablewordsinEnglish.
TheserulesdonotcoveralltheaspectsofwordstressinEnglish;
buttheydocoverthelargemajorityofplurisyllabicwordsinthelanguage.
Theproblem:
shouldyousay:
difficult
or
difficult?
HerearethemainprinciplesthatdeterminehowwordsarestressedoraccentuatedinEnglish.
1.
Awordisnormallystressedonthe
firstsyllable,
unlessthereisareasontoputthestresssomewhereelse.
2.The"
reasons"
areeither
suffixes
(like
-ity
-ion)or
prefixes
con-,
dis-,ex-
in-).
3.Ifthe
suffix
(ending)startswiththeletters
i
u
this
will
affectthepositionofstressinaword.
Samplesuffixes:
-ion,-ual,-ial,-ient,-ious,-ior,
-ic,-ity,
etc.
Thestresscomesonthe
syllable
before
thesuffix.
Examples:
Atlantic,
comic,sufficient,explanation,residual.
Thereareonlyaveryfewexceptionstothisrule.
4.Other
do
not
affectthestressofaword.
-al,-ous,-ly,-er,-ed,-ist,-ing,-ment
Permanent,
permanently,develop,development
5.
►
Prefixes
are
normallystressedintwo-syllablewords,
except
in
somenounsoradjectives.
Toex'
pand,
tode'
fend;
but
an'
expert,areport.
Bisyllabicnounsstartingwithaprefixneedtobelearnedindividually.
usuallystressedinthree-syllable
nounsandadjectives,butnotalways
stressedin
verbs.
'
Continent,
incident,'
exercise;
to
con'
sider,toen'
visage
butto
indicate
(Allthreesyllableverbsendingin
-ate
arestressedonthefirstsyllable).
6.Rule3
takespriorityoverallothers,notablywhena"
rule3
ending"
isfollowedbya"
rule4
Examples:
perpetually,deliciously,conditional,
conditioner,illusionist.
Thislistofrulesisnotcomplete,butitdoesexplainwheretoplacethemainaccent
in
themajorityof
wordsinEnglish.
Canyoudesignatethetonicsyllable(mainstress)inthesewordswhichallobeytherules?
Britain,
England,
Edinburgh,
region,regional,economic,tocomplain,community,torefuse,considering.
1.Two-Syllable
nouns
adjectives
2.Two-Syllable
verbs
prepositions
3.Three-Syllablewords
4.Wordsendingin
er,
or,
ly
5.
consonants
andin
y
6.Wordswithvariousendings
7.Words
endingin
ee,
ese,
ique,
ette
8.Prefixes
9.Stressonthe
secondfromtheend
syllable
10.Stressonthe
thirdfromend
11.Wordstressfor
compound
words
12.Phrasalverbs
13.Propernouns
14.Reflexivepronouns
15.Numbers
1.Two-Syllablenounsandadjectives
Inmosttwosyllable
adjectives,thefirstsyllabletakesonthestress.
∙SAMples
∙CARton
∙COlorful
∙RAIny
2.Two-Syllableverbsandprepositions
prepositions,thestressis
onthesecondsyllable.
∙reLAX
∙recEIVE
∙diRECT
∙aMONG
∙aSIDE
∙beTWEEN
Moreaboutwordstressontwo-syllablewords
∙About80%orsooftwo-syllablewordsgettheirstress
onthefirstsyllable.
∙Thereareofcourse,exceptionstothisrule,butveryfewnounsandadjectivesgetstressontheirsecondsyllable.
∙Verbsandprepositionsusuallygetstressplacedonthesecondsyllable,butthereareexceptionstothistoo.
Forthreesyllablewords,lookatthewordending(thesuffix),usingthefollowingasyourguide.
4.Wordsendinginer,or,ly
Forwordsendingwiththesuffixes
or,or
ly,thestressisplacedonthefirstsyllable.
∙DIRect/DIRector
∙ORder/ORderly
∙MANage/MANager
Wordsendinginconsonantsandiny
Ifthereisawordthatendsina
consonant
ina
y,thenthefirstsyllablegetsthestress.
∙RARity
∙OPtimal
∙GRADient
∙CONtainer
Takeagoodlookatthelistofsuffixesbelow(suffixesarewordendings).
Yourstressisgoingtocomeonthesyllablerightbeforethesuffix.Thisappliestowords
ofallsyllablelengths.
1.able:
ADDable,ARable,DURable
2.ary:
PRIMary,DIary,liBRary
3.cial:
juDIcial,nonSOcial
4.cian:
muSIcian,phySIcian,
cliNICian
5.ery:
BAkery,SCENery
6.graphy:
calLIgraphy,bibliOgraphy,stenOgraphy
7.ial:
celesTIal,iniTIal,juDICial
8.ian:
coMEdian,ciVILian,techNIcian
9.ible:
viSIble,terRIble,reSIstible
10.ic:
arCHAic,plaTOnic,synTHEtic
11.ical:
MAgical,LOgical,CRItical
12.ics:
diaBEtics,paediAtrics
13.ion:
classifiCAtion,repoSItion,vegeTAtion
14.ity:
imMUnity,GRAvity,VAnity
15.ium:
HElium,ALUminum,PREmium
16.imum:
MInimum,MAXimum,OPtimum
17.logy:
BIology,CARdiology,RAdiology
18.tal:
caPItal,biCOAstal,reCItal
7.Wordsendinginee,ese,ique,ette
Wordsthatusethesuffix
eer,
ique
ette,havetheprimarystressactuallyplacedonthesuffix.
Thisappliestowords
ofallsyllablelengths.
1.ee:
agrEE,jamborEE,guarantEE
2.eer:
sightsEER,puppetEER
3.ese:
SiamESE,JapanESE,cheESE
4.ette:
cassETTE,CorvETTE,towelETTE
5.ique:
unIQUE,physIQUE
Usually,prefixesdonottakethestressofaword.
Thereareafewexceptionstothisrule,however,like:
un,
in,
pre,
ex
andmis,whichareallstressedintheirprefix.
1.ex:
EXample,EXplanation,EXamine
2.in:
INside,INefficient,INterest
3.mis:
MISspoke,MIStake,MISspelled
4.pre:
PREcede,PREarrange,PREliminary
9.Stressonthesecondfromtheendsyllable
Youputstressonthesecondsyllablefromtheendoftheword,withwordsendingin
ic,
sion
tion.
∙iCONic
∙hyperTENsion
∙nuTRItion
10.Stressonthethirdfromendsyllable
Youputstressonthethirdfromendsyllablewithwordsthatendin
cy,
ty,phy,
gy
al.
∙demoCRAcy
∙TREAty
∙geOGraphy
∙ALlergy
∙NAUtical
11.Wordstressforcompoundwords
A.Compoundnoun
Acompoundnounisanounmadeoutoftwo
inordertoformoneword.Inacompoundnoun,thefirstwordusuallytakesonthestress.
∙SEAfood
∙ICEland
∙TOOTHpaste
B.Compoundadjectives
Acompoundadjectiveisan
adjective
composedofatleasttwowords.
Often,hyphensareusedincompoundadjectives.Incompoundadjectives,thestressisplacedwithinthesecondword.
∙ten-MEter
∙rock-SOlid
∙fifteen-MInute
C.Compoundverbs
Acompoundverbiswhenasubjecthastwoormore
verbs.Thestressisonthesecondoronthelastpart.
∙MatildalovesbreadbutdeTESTSbutter.
∙SarahbakedcookiesandATEthemup.
∙DogslovetoeatbonesandloveDRINkingwater.
D.Noun+compoundnouns
Noun
+compoundNounsaretwowordcompoundnouns.Innoun+compoundnoun,thestressisonthefirstword.
∙AIRplanemechanic
∙PROjectmanager
∙BOARDroommember
Phrasalverbs
arewordsmadefroma
verb
preposition.
Inphrasalverbs,thesecondwordgetsthestress(thepreposition).
∙BlackOUT
∙breakDOWN
∙lookOUT
Propernouns
arespecificnamesofpeople,placesorthings.Forexample:
Jeniffer,Spain,Google.
Thesecondwordisalwaystheonethattakesthestress
∙NorthDAKOTA
∙Mr.SMITH
∙AppleINCORPORATED
Reflexivepronouns
sho
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