悉 尼 歌 剧 院Word文件下载.docx
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悉 尼 歌 剧 院Word文件下载.docx
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sresignationfromtheprojectin1966beforeitscompletion.
Description
TheSydneyOperaHouseatNight
TheSydneyOperaHouseisanexpressionistmoderndesign,withaseriesoflargeprecastconcrete"
shells,"
eachtakenfromthesamehemisphere,formingtheroofsofthestructure.TheOperaHousecovers4.5acresoflandandis605feetlongandabout388feetwideatitswidestpoint.Itissupportedby580concretepierssunkupto82feetbelowsealevel.Itspowersupplyisequivalenttothatofatownof25,000peopleandisdistributedby401milesofelectricalcable.TheroofsoftheHousearecoveredwith1.056millionSwedish-madetiles,glossy-whiteandmatte-creamincolor.
Thebuildings'
ConcertHallandOperaTheaterareeachcontainedinthetwolargestgroupsofshells,anditsothertheatersarelocatedonthesidesoftheshellgroupings.TheformoftheshellsischosentoreflecttheOperaHouse'
sinternalheightrequirements,risingfromthelowentrancespaces,overtheseatingareasanduptothehighstagetowers.AmuchsmallergroupofshellsissettoonesideofthemonumentalstepstohousetheBennelongRestaurant.
AlthoughtheroofstructuresoftheSydneyOperaHousearecommonlyreferredtoasshells,inastrictlystructuralsensetheyareactuallyprecast-concretepanelssupportedbyconcreteribs.Thebuilding'
sinterioriscomposedofpinkgranitequarriedinTaranaandwoodandbrushboxplywoodsuppliedfromnorthernNewSouthWales.
Performancevenuesandfacilities
TheSydneyOperaHousecontainsfivetheaters,fiverehearsalstudios,twomainhalls,fourrestaurants,sixbars,andnumeroussouvenirshops.
Thefivetheatersmakinguptheperformancefacilitiesare:
∙TheConcertHall,with2,679seats,containstheSydneyOperaHouseGrandOrgan,thelargest,mechanical-tracker-actionorganintheworldwithover10,000pipes.Themaximumseatingcapacityis2,679withapproximately2,100seatssituatedinfrontofthestage(mostappropriateforamplifiedconcerts).Theconcertplatformis14mto17mwidex11mdeepwithafloorareaofapproximately200m2.Stageextensionscanbeaddedtoincreasestagedepthwiththelossof85seats.Stageaccessandwingspacearelimited.
∙TheOperaTheater,with1,547seats.Themaximumseatingcapacityis1,507,with883inthestalls,466inthedresscircleand158inboxes,someofwhichhaverestrictedsightlines.Thewallsandceilingarepaintedblackandthefloorisbrushboxtimber.Theseatsaremadeofwhitebirchtimberandareupholsteredinredwoollenfabric.
TheOperaTheatrehasanextensiveflyingsystemandamaximumprosceniumopeningof11.5mwideby7.0mhigh.Theheighttothegridis15.5m.
Thestageis17.5mdeepupstageofthesafetycurtain.Twoliftsattherearofthestagecanadd7mtothestagedepthandareusedtomovesceneryfromthedockareabelow.Theorchestrapitextendsinanarcdownstageofthesafetycurtaintoamaximumdepthof3m.Thefrontsectionofthepitcanberaisedtostageleveltoincreasetheperformancearea.Wingspaceisrestrictedwithonly3.5mbeyondtheprosceniumoneithersideofthestage.
∙TheDramaTheater,with544seats.Themaximumseatingcapacityis544in19rows.Theauditoriumisrakedfromthefourthrow,ensuringgoodsightlinesfromallseats.Thewallsandceilingarepaintedblackandtheflooriscoveredwithbluecarpet.Theseatsaremadeofwhitebirchtimberandareupholsteredintangerinewoollenfabric.
TheDramaTheatreisequippedwithacomputerisedflyingsystemandtwinconcentricstagerevolves(centreandring).Themaximumprosceniumopeningis13.5mwideby4.8mhigh.Theheighttothegridislimitedto10.4m.Thestageis14mdeepupstageofthesafetycurtainwithaforestageof2m.
∙ThePlayhouse,with398seats.Themaximumseatingcapacityis398in17rows.Thefullyrakedauditoriumensuresgoodsightlinesfromallseats.Thewallsandceilingarecladinwhitebirchtimberandtheflooriscoveredwithredcarpet.Theseatsaremadeofwhitebirchtimberandareupholsteredindarkpurplewoollenfabric.
Thevenueisdesignedinan‘endstage’configuration.TheA-symmetricstagecanbeextendedintwostages,‘halfextension’and‘fullyextended’.Eachextensionaddsapproximately90cmtothedepthofthestageandrequirestheremovalofupto23seats.Thestageareahasamaximumdepthof8.6mwiththestagefullyextendedandausablewidthofapproximately10m(widestpointis13.6m).Twentymotorisedbattensareavailableabovethestageforrigginglightingandscenerytoamaximumheightof6.4mplusasinglestickoftri-trussdownstageonchainmotors.
Thestagesurfaceismasonitecoveringplywoodthatcanbescrewedinto.
∙TheStudioTheatre,with364seats.Themaximumcapacityrangesfrom220to350seated,orupto600standing,dependingonthevenueandseatinglayout.
Thefloorareaisapproximately15mx15m,withinwhichtieredseatingbank/s,cabaret-styleseatingandastandingaudiencemaybearrangedinvariousconfigurations.Therearetworowsoffixedseatingoneachofthefoursidesonthegallerylevel
Constructionhistory
Origins:
PlanningfortheSydneyOperaHousebeganinthelate1940swhenEugeneGoossens,theDirectoroftheNewSouthWales(NSW)StateConservatoriumofMusic,lobbiedforasuitablevenueforlargetheatricalproductions.Atthetime,thenormalvenueforsuchproductionswastheSydneyTownHall,butitwasnotconsideredlargeenough.By1954,GoossenssucceededingainingthesupportofNSWPremierJosephCahill,whocalledfordesignsforadedicatedoperahouse.ItwasalsoGoossenswhoinsistedthatBennelongPointbethesitefortheOperaHouse.CahillhadwantedittobeonorneartheWynyardRailwayStation,locatedinthenorth-westernSydney.
ThecompetitionwaslaunchedbyCahillonSeptember13,1955andreceivedatotalof233entriesfrom32countries.Thecriteriaspecifiedalargehallseating3,000andasmallhallfor1,200people,eachtobedesignedfordifferentusesincludingfull-scaleoperas,orchestralandchoralconcerts,massmeetings,lectures,balletperformances,andotherpresentations.Thebasicdesignannouncedin1957wastheonesubmittedbyJø
rnUtzon,aDanisharchitect.UtzonarrivedinSydneyin1957tohelpsupervisetheproject.
DesignandconstructionoftheOperaHouse
TheFortMacquarieTramDepot,occupyingthesiteatthetimeoftheseplans,wasdemolishedin1958,andformalconstructionoftheOperaHousebeganinMarch1959.Theprojectwasbuiltinthreestages.StageI(1959–1963)consistedofbuildingtheupperpodium.StageII(1963–1967)sawtheconstructionoftheoutershells.StageIIIconsistedoftheinteriordesignandconstruction(1967–1973).
StageI:
podium
StageIcommencedonDecember5,1958,bytheconstructionfirmCivil&
Civic.However,majorstructuralissuesstillplaguedthedesign,andinclementweatherfurtherdelayedprogress.ByJanuary23,1961,workwasrunning47weeksbehind.WorkonthepodiumwasfinallycompletedonAugust31,1962.Theforcedearlystartledtosignificantlaterproblems,notleastofwhichwasthefactthatthepodiumcolumnswerenotstrongenoughtosupporttheroofstructure,andhadtobere-built.
StageII:
roof
Theshellsofthecompetitionentrydesignedwereoriginallyofundefinedgeometry,butearlyinthedesignprocessthe"
shells"
wereperceivedasaseriesofparabolassupportedbyprecast-concreteribs.However,engineersOveArupandpartnerswereunabletofindanacceptablemethodofconstructingthem.From1957to1963,thedesignteamwentthroughatleast12iterationsorrepetitionsoftheformoftheshells(includingschemeswithparabolas,circularribs,andellipsoids)beforeaworkablesolutionwascompleted.
Thedesignworkontheshellsinvolvedoneoftheearliestusesofcomputersinstructuralanalysisinordertounderstandthecomplexforcestowhichtheshellswouldbesubjected.Inmid-1961,thedesignteamfoundasolutiontotheproblem:
theshellsallbeingcreatedassectionsfromasphere.Withwhomexactlythissolutionoriginatedhasbeenthesubjectofsomecontroversy.
TheshellswereconstructedbyHornibrookGroupPtyLtd.,whowerealsoresponsibleforconstructionoftheinteriorsinStageIII.Hornibrookmanufacturedthe2,400precastribsand4,000roofpanelsinanon-sitefactory,andalsodevelopedtheconstructionprocesses.Thissolutionavoidedtheneedforexpensiveformworkconstructionbyallowingtheuseofprecastunitsandallowedtherooftilestobeprefabricatedinsheetsontheground,insteadofbeingstuckonindividuallyatheight.AnOveArupandPartners'
siteengineersupervisedtheconstructionoftheshells,whichusedaninnovativeadjustablesteeltrussederectionarchtosupportthedifferentroofsbeforecompletion.
StageIII:
interiors
StageIII,theinteriors,startedwithUtzonmovinghisentireofficetoSydneyinFebruary1963.However,therewasachangeofgovernmentin1965,andthenewadministrationdeclaredtheprojec
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