美国法学院入学考试LSAT阅读真题3含答案Word格式.docx
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美国法学院入学考试LSAT阅读真题3含答案Word格式.docx
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Eachpassageinthissectionisfollowedbyagroupofquestionstobeansweredonthebasisofwhatisstatedorimpliedinthepassage.Forsomeofthequestions,morethanoneofthechoicescouldconceivablyanswerthequestion.However,youaretochoosethebestanswer,thatis,theresponsethatmostaccuratelyandcompletelyanswersthequestion,andblackenthecorrespondingspaceonyouranswersheet.
Manyarguethatrecentdevelopmentsinelectronictechnologysuchascomputersandvideotapehaveenabledartiststovarytheirformsofexpression.Forexample,videoartcannowachieveimageswhoseeffectisproducedby“digitalization”:
breakingupthepictureusingcomputerizedinformationprocessing.Suchnewtechnologiescreatenewwaysofseeingandhearingbyaddingdifferentdimensionstoolderforms,ratherthanreplacingthoseforms.ConsiderLocale,afilmaboutamoderndancecompany.ThecameraoperatorworeaSteadicamTM,anuncomplicateddevicethatallowsacameratobemountedonapersonsothatthecameraremainssteadynomatterhowtheoperatormoves.TheSteadicamTMcapturesthedanceinwaysimpossiblewithtraditionalmounts.Suchnewequipmentalsoallowsforthepreservationofpreviouslyunrecordableaspectsofperformances,thusenrichingarchives.
ByContrast,othersclaimthattechnologysubvertstheartisticenterprise:
thatartisticeffortsachievedwithmachinespreempthumancreativity,ratherthanbeinginspiredbyit.Theoriginalityofmusicalperformance,forexample,mightsuffer,asmusicianswouldbedeprivedoftheopportunitytospontaneouslychangepiecesofmusicbeforeliveaudiences.Someevenworrythattechnologywilleliminateliveperformancealtogether;
performanceswillberecordedforhomeviewing,abolishingtherelationshipbetweenperformerandaudience.Butthesenegativeviewsassumeboththattechnologyposesanunprecedentedchallengetotheartsandthatwearenotcommittedenoughtotheartisticenterprisetopreservetheliveperformance,assumptionsthatseemunnecessarilycynical.Infact,technologyhastraditionallyassistedourcapacityforcreativeexpressionandcanrefineournotionsofanygiveartform.
Forexample,theportablecameraandthesnapshotweredevelopedatthesametimeastheriseofimpressionistpaintinginthenineteenthcentury.Thesephotographictechnologiesencouragedanewappreciation.Inaddition,impressionistartistslikeDegasstudiedtheelementsoflightandmovementcapturedbyinstantaneousphotographyandusedtheirnewunderstandingofthewayourperceptionsdistortrealitytotrytomoreaccuratelycapturerealtyintheirwork.Sincephotoscancapturethe“moments”ofamovement,suchasahandpartiallyraisedinagestureofgreeting,Impressionistartistswereinspiredtopaintsuchmomentsinordertomoreeffectivelyconveythequalityofspontaneoushumanaction.Photographyfreedartistsfromthepreconceptionthatasubjectshouldbepaintedinastatic,artificialentirety,andinspiredthemtocapturetherandomandfragmentaryqualitiesofourworld.Finally,sincephotographypreemptedpaintingasthemeansofobtainingportraits,paintershadmorefreedomtovarytheirsubjectmatter,thusgivingrisetotheabstractcreationscharacteristicofmodernart.
1.Whichoneofthefollowingstatementsbestexpressesthemainideaofthepassage?
(A)Theprogressofartreliesprimarilyontechnology.
(B)Technologicalinnovationcanbebeneficialtoart.
(C)Therearerisksassociatedwithusingtechnologytocreateart.
(D)Technologywilltransformthewaythepublicrespondstoart.
(E)Therelationshipbetweenartandtechnologyhasalengthyhistory.
2.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethattheauthorshareswhichoneofthefollowingopinionswiththeopponentsoftheuseofnewtechnologyinart?
(A)Theliveperformanceisanimportantaspectoftheartisticenterprise.
(B)Thepublic’scommitmenttotheartisticenterpriseisquestionable.
(C)Recenttechnologicalinnovationspresentanentirelynewsortofchallengetoart.
(D)Technologicalinnovationsofthepasthavebeenveryusefultoartists.
(E)Theperformingartsareespeciallyvulnerabletotechnologicalinnovation.
3.Whichoneofthefollowing,iftrue,wouldmostunderminethepositionheldbyopponentsoftheuseofnewtechnologyinartconcerningtheeffectoftechnologyonliveperformance?
(A)Surveysshowthatwhenrecordingsofperformancesaremadeavailableforhomeviewing,thepublicbecomesfarmoreknowledgeableaboutdifferentperformingartists.
(B)Surveysshowthatsomepeoplefeelcomfortablerespondingspontaneouslytoartisticperformanceswhentheyareviewingrecordingsofthoseperformancesathome.
(C)Afteraliveperformance,salesofrecordingsforhomeviewingoftheparticularperformingartistgenerallyincrease.
(D)Thedistributionofrecordingsofartists’performanceshasbeguntoattractmanynewaudiencememberstotheirliveperformances.
(E)Musiciansarelessapttomakecreativechangesinmusicalpiecesduringrecordedperformancesthanduringliveperformances.
4.TheauthorusestheexampleoftheSteadicamTMprimarilyinordertosuggestthat
(A)thefilmingofperformancesshouldnotbelimitedbyinadequateequipment
(B)newtechnologiesdonotneedtobeverycomplexinordertobenefitart
(C)theinteractionofatraditionalartformwithanewtechnologywillchangeattitudestowardtechnologyingeneral
(D)thereplacementofatraditionaltechnologywithanewtechnologywilltransformdefinitionsofatraditionalartform
(E)newtechnologydoesnotsomuchpreemptasenhanceatraditionalartform
5.Accordingtothepassage,proponentsoftheuseofnewelectronictechnologyintheartsclaimthatwhichoneofthefollowingistrue?
(A)Mostpeoplewhorejecttheuseofelectronictechnologyinartforgetthatmachinesrequireapersontooperatethem.
(B)Electronictechnologyallowsfortheexpansionofarchivesbecauselongerperformancescanberecorded.
(C)Electronictechnologyassistsartistsinfindingnewwaystopresenttheirmaterial.
(D)Electronictechnologymakesthepracticeofanyartformmoreefficientbyspeedingupthecreativeprocess.
(E)Moderndanceistheartformthatwillprobablybenefitmostfromtheuseofelectronictechnology.
6.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethattheauthorwouldagreewithwhichoneofthefollowingstatementsregardingchangesinpaintingsincethenineteenthcentury?
(A)Theartisticexperimentsofthenineteenthcenturyledpainterstouseavarietyofmethodsincreatingportraits,whichtheythenappliedtoothersubjectmatter.
(B)Thenineteenth-centuryknowledgeoflightandmovementprovidedbyphotographyinspiredtheabstractworkscharacteristicofmodernart.
(C)Oncepaintersnolongerfeltthattheyhadtopaintconventionalportraits,theyturnedexclusivelytoabstractportraiture.
(D)Oncepainterswerelesslimitedtotheimpressioniststyle,theywereabletoexperimentwithavarietyofstylesofabstractart.
(E)Oncepainterspaintedfewerconventionalportraits,theyhadgreateropportunitytomovebeyondtheliteraldepictionofobjects.
参考答案:
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Duringthe1940sand1950stheUnitedStatesgovernmentdevelopedanewpolicytowardNativeAmericans,oftenknownas“readjustment.”BecausetheincreasedawarenessofcivilrightsinthesedecadeshelpedreinforcethebeliefthatlifeonreservationspreventedNativeAmericansfromexercisingtherightsguaranteedtocitizensundertheUnitedStatesConstitution,thereadjustmentmovementadvocatedtheendofthefederalgovernment’sinvolvementinNativeAmericanaffairsandencouragedtheassimilationofNativeAmericansasindividualsintomainstreamsociety.However,thesameyearsalsosawtheemergenceofaNativeAmericanleadershipandeffortstodeveloptribalinstructionsandreaffirmtribalidentity.TheclashofthesetwotrendsmaybetracedintheattemptsonthepartoftheBureauofIndianAffairs(BIA)toconvincetheOneidatribeofWisconsintoacceptreadjustment.
TheculminationofBIAeffortstoswaytheOneidaoccurredatameetingthattookplaceinthefallof1956.TheBIAsuggestedthatitwouldbetotheOneida’sbenefittoowntheirownpropertyand,likeotherhomeowners,payrealestatetaxesonit.TheBIAalsoemphasizedthat,afterreadjustment,thegovernmentwouldnotattempttorestrictNativeAmericans’abilitytoselltheirindividuallyownedlands.TheOneidawerethenofferedaone-timelump-sumpaymentof$60,000inlieuofthe$0.52annuityguaranteedinperpetuitytoeachmemberofthetribeundertheCanandaiguaTreaty.
TheeffortsoftheBIAto“sell”readjustmenttothetribefailedbecausetheOneidarealizedthattheyhadheardsimilaroffersbefore.TheOneidadelegatesreactednegativelytotheBIA’sfirstsuggestionbecausetaxationofNativeAmericanlandshadbeenonepastvehiclefordispossessingtheOneida:
afterthedistributionofsometriballandstoindividualNativeAmericansinthelatenineteenthcentury,NativeAmericanlandsbecamesubjecttotaxation,resultinginnewandimpossiblefinancialburdens,foreclosures,andsubsequenttaxsalesofproperty.TheOneidadelegateswereequallysuspiciousoftheBIA’semphasisontherightsofindividuallandowners,sinceinthelatenineteenthcenturymanyindividualNativeAmericanshadbeenconvincedbyunscrupulousspeculatorstoselltheirlands.Finally,theofferofalump-sumpaymentwasunanimouslyopposedbytheOneidadelegates,whosawthatchangingthetermsofatreaty
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