托福基础写作讲义.doc
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托福基础写作讲义.doc
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托福基础写作
一、托福写作概述
二、英汉两种语言的区别
(一)、美国人与中国人思维方式的不同。
linearwayofthinking
(二)、英汉句子结构的特点。
英语重形和,重结构,汉语重意和,重语义。
英语中常用复合句;汉语则常用短句,简单句。
10Linkingwordscohesion
1.conj.:
1)and.but,or,so,while
2)if,because,although,
That,who,which,what,as---asmorethan,so---that
2.inthisreason,inconclusion,forexample
3.however,unfortunately,
Undeniably
4.tomakethingsworse
5.generallyspeaking
6.同义词
7.repetition
8.this,it,that,those
9.interestingtosee
10.whatismore
(三)英语多变化variety(diversity),汉语多重复。
(四)英语被动句多。
汉语中主动句多。
三、中国学生写作最易犯的十大错误
1. Nowadays,collegestudentshouldlearncompetitionandcooperation.
2.Theproblemthatiscreatedbycomputersattract(draw,spark,captivate,intrigue,arouse,yield,giveriseto)muchattention.
3.Inpresent-daysociety,thereareagreatmanyyoungpeoplegoabroad.
4.Inmyopinion,Ithinkthatsmokingshouldbebannedinpublicplaces.
5.Thecomputercannotinsteadthepivotalroleplayedbyteachersineducation.
6.Somepeoplewelcomeraisingpets,othersholddifferentopinions.
7.InlargecitiesofChinahasmanyfastfoodshops.
8.Atcollege,weshouldlearnasmuchknowledgeaspossiblesothatwecanbewellpreparedforourfuturecareer.
9.Somestudentsareinterestedinplaycomputergames.
10.Youreallyhavetwodownsons.
四、托福写作25分必备的100个意群词汇
持某观点:
claim(assert,contend
reckondeemsharethebeliefthat)
支持某观点:
advocate
(maintain,welcomevoteforsidewithbeinfavorof)
反对某观点:
contradict(oppose,objectto,criticize,refute
beagainstcastdoubtsonquestion,challenge)
合理的:
justified(sensiblefeasibleconvincingholdwaterbearmuchanalysis)
好处:
advantage(benefit,merit,positive(bright)side,upside,boon,pros,strength)
弊端:
disadvantage(harm,demerit,negative(dark)side,downside,bane,cons,weaknessdefect,flaw,drawback)
肯定:
undoubtedly(indeedundeniablythereisnodenyingthat)
不确定:
belikelyto(potentiallypresumably)
重要的:
essential(significant,vital,crucial,critical,fundamental,indispensable,pivotal)
有益的:
beneficial(conduciveinstrumental,rewarding)
有害的:
detrimental(harmfulvirulent)
有争议的:
controversial(arguable,debatabledisputable,contentious)
普遍的:
widespread(prevalent,universal,pervasive,ubiquitous)
显著地:
considerably(significantly,remarkably,
Dramatically,tremendously,substantially)
明显的:
evident(apparent,manifest,crystal-clear)
16.增强:
enhance(strengthen
boost)
17.减少:
decline(descend,collapse,relieve)
18.大约:
approximately(nearly,around,estimated,roughly)
19.趋势:
trend(tendency,inclination)
20.预见:
predict(expect,project)
21.带来bringabout(resultin,leadto)
22.引起create(spark;yield;;giveriseto)
23.建立establish(found,institute)
24.要求callfor(request,demand)
25.去除eliminate(remove,eradicate)
26.探讨explore(examine,identify)
27.描绘depict(portray,illustrate)
28.后果consequence(aftermath;outcome)
29.足够adequate(enough;sufficient)
30.解决tackle(resolve,address)
31.意识awareness(consciousness)
32.控制curb(regulate,censor)
33.解释:
accountfor(beresponsiblefor)
34.投资finance(investin,subsidize)
35.缓解relieve(ease,alleviate)
36.压力stress(pressure,strain)
37.和谐harmony(concordance)
38.继承inherit(handdown)
39.培养cultivate(train,foster)
40.促进promote(contributeto,upgrade)
41.适应adaptto(adjustto,acclimateto)
42.提供provide(render,afford)
43.替代replace(substitute,taketheplaceof)
44.保护preserve(protect)
45.证据evidence(proof)
46.赢得gain(acquire,attain)
47.国外的foreign(alien,exotic)
48.灾难disaster(misfortune,catastrophe)
49.发展advance(progress)
50.倾向于tendto(beinclinedto,beaptto)
51.吸引attract(allure,tempt)
52.专注的beabsorbedin(beimmersedin,devoteoneselfto)
53.目的是aimat(Thepurposeis)
54.实现achieve(fulfill,implement)
55.危害endanger(threaten;jeopardize)
56.损害undermine(impair,damage)
57.阻碍hinder(obstruct,impede)
58.禁止forbid(ban,prohibit)
59.责备blame(denounce,criticize)
60.污染pollute(contaminate,stain)
61.腐蚀erode(wearaway,corrode)
62.欺骗deceive(cheat,defraud)
63.冲突conflict(shock,tension)
64.驱使prompt(spur,incite)
贪婪的acquisitive(money-oriented,
materialistic)
自私的self-centered(selfish,inconsiderate)
体谅的considerate(understanding,sympathetic)
冷漠的indifferent(apathetic,aloof)
奢侈的wasteful(luxurious,extravagant)
残忍的inhumane(brutal,barbaric)
绝望的hopeless(despairing,desperate)
过分的excessive(extravagant,exorbitant)
激烈的intense(fierce,vigorous)
严厉的stringent(rigorous,rigid)
奇怪的eccentric(odd,peculiar)
难以置信的unbelievable(incredulous,virtual)
惊人的extraordinary(marvelous,spectacular)
有抱负的ambitious(aggressive,aspirant)
固有的inherent(nature,innate)
稳定的steady(stab
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