闪光句型六天版Word文件下载.docx
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闪光句型六天版Word文件下载.docx
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1.theassumptionthat…isopentodoubt/unreliable/unfounded/
Groundless/unwarranted
2.thearguercommitsafallacyof…
3.thearguerfailstoestablishacausalrelationshipbetweenAandB
4.theresultofthesurveylackscredibilityandthereforedoesnot
lendstrongsupporttothearguer’sassumption.
5.thearguerfailstoconvinceusthat…contributeto/leadto/
resultin…
6.thecomparisonbetweenAandBisincomplete
7.itispossible/likelythat…
第二天6.19
一、写作步骤:
1.skimthequestionandwritetheintroduction
2.inputthetopicsentence.找出问题所在,一个问题一句话
3.developthebodyparagraphsonebyone.逐一展开问题段落,按重要性递
减
的规律展开
4.conclusion(略)
5.checking
二、开头段的写作:
找出原论证的结论或主张,指出原论证的论据和假设,指出原论证的逻辑错误。
忠实的保留原始信息。
用自己的词保留原始信息。
Inthisargument/analysis,thearguerconcludes/claimsthat…..To
support/justifytheconclusion,thearguerpointsout/providesthe
evidencethat…andthat…Inaddition,thearguerreasons(推理)that
…..
Thisargumentsuffersfromseveralcriticalfallacies/flaws.
三、SURVEY问题:
1.vague=>
misleading(majority,percent,basenumber,few,many)
2.Question:
whatquestionswillaskinthesurvey?
Loadedquestions有误导性的问题
3.Who
4.Average平均数不适合于每个成员
5.Confusingcausalrelationshipwithcorrelation混淆因果关系与相关性
Everycausalrelationshipimpliesacorrelation,butthestatistical
correlationdoesnotnecessarilyimpliesacausalrelation.
6.Whenwasthesurveyconducted?
7.Arerespondents(授调查者)beingforthright(直率,说真话)?
Imagemen/essencemen
闪光句型:
1.theargueroversimplifiestheissueof…
2.thearguerunfairlyassumesthat…
3.thearguerfailstakeintoaccountotherfactorsthat…
4.theprocedureofthesurveymightbeproblematic.
第三天6.21
正文写作
一、段数量:
2~4段之间,一段含4~8个句子
二、TOPICSENTENCE内参4页
三、过渡句,承上启下
lfirst…second….Third….
lInthefirstplace…inthesecondplace…lastbutnotleast…
lThemajorproblemwiththisargumentisthat…
Anotherproblemthatweakens/undermines(削弱)thelogicofthis
argument
is
that…
BeforeIcometomyconclusion,itisnecessarytopointoutanother
flaw
(severalotherflaws)thatunderminestheargument.
四、攻击的方法:
例证法:
forexample/instance
假设法:
if,evenif,giventhat(考虑到),grantedthat(姑且承认)
onlywhen(只有当),unless,inthis/thatcase,evenso
Unlessthearguerprovidessubstantialevidenceregarding/
concerning/asto…,theassumptionthat…isunfounded/
problematic/
unconvincing…
推测法:
itispossiblethat…,itisequallypossiblethat…,
another
possibilityisthat…,itisalsolikelythat…
possibly,perhaps
五、运用闪光句型增加文采:
P88
六、数据的问题:
1.Beggingthequestion把有待证实的关键性假设当作已经成立
Circularreasoning循环论证P352,P4437,P5373
2.Fallacyofmissingevidence
Hastygeneralization急于概括
Neglectarelevantevidence忽略相关证据
P5166,P4856
3.Falseanalogy只看到表层差异,而忽略深层差异
P63112,P4229
4.Falsedilemma/eitherorfallacy非此即彼的错误
P5996,P4334
5.Nonsequitor=>
noncausalrelationship
P5062,P5270
Intheabsenceofallthisinformation,itisimpossibleforusto
evaluate
…that…
However,thearguerfailstoprovideanyinformationregarding…
Itisverylikelythat…
第四天
6.24
1.
post
hoc
ergo
prepter
=
after
this
therefore
because
of
P46
47
P55
81
2.
concurrence
P36
5
P50
61
3.
incomplete
comparison
or
selective
P54
78
4.
composition
and
division
composition:
把个体特征不恰当的移植到整体上
division:
把群体特征简单的移植到个体上
P48
55
最后段的写作:
两项任务:
指出原论者未能有效的支持自己的结论
指出原论者可以从正文分析的几个方面加强原论证。
针对正文几个topic
sentence
作者应在这几个方面加强
Module:
p75-p79
Issue
(是非问题)
Strategy:
P67
选题:
构思:
brainstorm
开头:
陈述问题背景,指出自己论点
正文:
2~3
段,分别支持自己立场
每段要有一个主题
展开论述
复杂性,让步,修正
使用信号词
结尾:
语言问题:
check
P68
Brainstorm
快速构思
从大脑里调出尽可能多的相关信息
充分relax
快速记忆
Issue的典型立场
Agree
P104
3
Disagree
P108
闪光句型----结论:
to
sum
up,
the
conclusion
lacks
credibility
cause
evidence
cited
in
analysis
does
not
lend
strong
support
what
arguer
maintains.
To
strengthen
argument,
would
have
provide
more
concerning
…
moreover,
it
be
necessary
for
rule
out
all
above-mentioned
possibilities
before
we
can
better
evaluate
argument.
As
stands,
argument
is
well
reasoned.
make
logically
acceptable,
demonstrate
that
additionally,
must
other
possible
causes
5.
conclude,
persuasive
as
stands.
Before
accept
conclusion,
present
facts
6.
solidify
produce
7.
In
summary,
reached
invalid
misleading.
convincing,
prove
8.
Moreover,
I
suspend
(推迟)
my
judgment
about
recommendation
until
concrete
第五天6.28
一、Issue的典型立场
1.AgreeP1043
2.DisagreeP10847
3.AgreewithconcessionP10516
4.DisagreewithconcessionP10734
5.Refusetotakesides拒绝站在任何一边casebycaseattitudeP11173
二、典型结构typicalorganizations
1.I.IntroducionP293
II.support1
III.support2
IV.support3
V.conclusion
句型:
Inthefirstplace/tobeginwith
Inthesecondplace/inaddition
Lastbutnotleast/Moreover/furthermore/what’
smore
2.I.support1正P217
II.support2正
III.concession反
句型:
Inthefirstplace…
inthesecondplace…
Admittedly/however,itshouldbeadmitted(confessed)that/however,there
isnodenyingthat…
3.I.IntroducionP283
II.SideA
III.SideB
IV.Conclusion
1.反驳式:
逐一反驳对方理由
Refute1
Refute2
Refute3
Conclusion
I.Manypeoplemaysincerelybelievethat…,However,onedoesnothavetogo
veryfartoseethat…
II.Somepeoplemayalsotakeforgrantedthat(理所当然地认为)…Yetcareful
examinationwouldreviewthat…
III.Anothermisconceptionthatmanypeoplemayholdisthat…Butwhatthey
feelnoticeisthat…
三、开头的策略:
l应能抓住读者的注意力和好奇心
l注意开头明确提出主张
1.描述背景并提出立场P68
2.首先陈述相冲突的观点,然后提出自己的主张P71
3.先用问句提出问题,然后提出在这个问题上的典型主张(可提可不提),最后说
自己的观点P72
4.讲述一段轶文(anecdote)趣事P70
5.先提出典型反对派立场,然后简要驳斥,最后提自己主张P260
6.先提出自己主张,然后简要陈述自己的基本理由P255
Accordingtothetitlestatement,…whileIagreethat…Iinsistthat…/it
isnaturalthat…
Itisnaturalthatpeoplemaydisagreeoversuchacontroversialissuedueto
theirdifferentexperiencesandvalues.Onbalance,Ianinclinedtosupport
(<
->
oppose)theideathat..
Thereisagrowingpublicconcernovertheissueof…Thespeakerinthe
titlestatementadvocatesthat….Inthelastanalysis,Iarguethat…
四、howtosupportyourclaim正文论证
1.inductivereasoning逻辑推理具体à
一般
1)factsandexamples:
P282P219
Forexample/instance,Toillustrate,Asanillustration.Thereis
evidencethat…
2)statistics:
P98-100
3)authoritiesorquotations:
Professor/or…,awell-known/influentialscholarof…
Inchinasaid,“…”
第六天
7.1
四、how
your
claim
正文论证
4)anecdotes,
cases,
stories
P256
a
case
point
ABC
serves
typical
example.
5)
Personal
experience
P192
6)
Scenarios
假设
可能发生的事情,可作为一种依据
P70
Imagine
/
Suppose
7)
Analogy
P269
similarly
likewise
same
way
manner
Deductive
Reasoning
演绎推理
P30
P6
内参
五、结尾段的写作:
restate
position
P71
P101
summarize
reasons
P285
extand
建议,号召,展望
P70.
72.
73
hold
only
…,
but
also
l
语言方面技巧:
使用高分词汇
情态动词:
could,
would,
might,
can,
may,
will
程度副词:
肯定
certainly,
naturally,
obviously,
understandably,
undoubtedly,
plainly
可能性
possibly,
probably,
potentially,
likely,
presumably.
信号词:
P155
分析性词汇:
case,
given
(考虑到…),
granted
(姑且承认),
actually,
matter
fact,
admittedly,
some
extent,
sense,
last
analysis,
on
balance.
正规语言与非正规
P161
句式的变化
P170
1)
使用不同的句子结构
2)
变换相邻句子的开头结构
复杂句式
备考建议
熟悉每道题及其提纲
充实论据(讨论、看书、工具箱),补充或重写
背诵——工具箱
模拟训练
issue,
argument
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