定语从句语法详解.docx
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定语从句语法详解.docx
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定语从句语法详解,希望能够帮助考生备考英语学科考试,赢得高分。
一、定语
句子中修饰名词或代词的成分叫做定语。
定语可以由形容词,名词,不定式,分词,动名词或从句来充当。
eg:
Sheisabeautifulgirl.(形容词)
ImetsomeonefunnyonmywaytoBeijing.(形容词)(修饰不定代词的定语后置)
HeisanEnglishteacher.(名词)
(名词作定语时一般用单数,例外的有sports,如asportsstar)
Ihavealotofworktodo.(不定式)
Thebookwrittenbyaschoolboyisverypopularnow.(过去分词短语)
Wecanseetherisingsun.(现在分词)=thesunisrising.
Heisinthereadingroom.(动名词)=theroomforreading
TheboywhobrokethewindowisTom’sbrother.(从句)
注意:
1.形容词作定语一般放在所修饰的词前面;但当形容词修饰的是something,anything,everything,nothing,someone,everyone,everybody,somewhere等不定代词时,要放在这些词的后面。
present(在场的),absent(缺席的)作定语时需要后置。
studentspresent/absent
2.不定式做定语通常要放在被修饰的词后。
3分词作定语时,即可放在所修饰词前,也可放在所修饰词后
1)分词前置:
单独的一个分词作定语,一般放在所修饰词前。
Heisaretiredworker. 他是位退休的工人
2)分词后置分词在以下情况,放在所修饰词的后面
i.分词词组;Therewasagirlsittingthere. 有个女孩坐在那里
ii.个别分词如given,left;
Thisisthequestiongiven. 这是所给的问题
iii.修饰不定代词something等
Thereisnothinginteresting. 没有有趣的东西
过去分词作定语与其修饰的词是被动关系,相当于一个被动语态的定语从句。
Mostofthepeopleinvitedtothepartywerefamousscientists.
=MostofthepeoplewhowereinvitedtothepartywerefromSouthAfrica
二、定语从句(AttributiveClauses)
在句中做定语,修饰一个名词或代词,被修饰的名词,词组或代词即先行词。
定语从句通常出现在先行词之后,由关系词(关系代词或关系副词)引出。
关系代词有:
who,whom,whose,that,which等。
关系副词有:
when,where,why等。
IlikethebooksthatarewrittenbyMr.Green.
先行词关系词
A.关系词:
关系词通常有三个作用:
引导定语从句,指代先行词,在定语从句中充当句子成分。
Anyonewhobreaksthelawwillsurelybepunished.
1.先行词指人时,定语从句的引导词:
(1)指人时,who和that都可以使用.
(2)who和whom都可以作定语从句宾语,但从句中的介词提前时,不能用who.
Heisthemanwho/whomItalkedtoyouabout.
=HeisthemanaboutwhomItalkedtoyou.
(3)先行词是人时,只用who,不用或少用that的情况:
a.当先行词是one,ones,anyone时,引导定语从句的关系词一般只用who,不用that如果先行词是someone,也可用that
Heisnotonewhoiseasilyfrightened.
IthinkJoeistheonewhoborrowedmypeo.
Theoneswhotelllieswon’tgainothers’trust.
Anyonewhosawtheaccidentshouldphonethepolice.
Someonewho/thatclaimstobeyourunclewantstoseeyou.
b.先行词是those时,关系代词一般用who不用that
Thosewhodon’twishtogoneednotgo.
c.Therebe句型中,修饰人的定语从句的关系代词一般只用who来引导
Thereisacertainoldmaninthevillagewhononeofuslikes.
d.若一个句子中有两个定语从句,第一个已经用that,则第二个一般用who
Themanthatistalkingwithourteacheristheprofessorwhogaveusareportyesterday.
e.当定语从句与先行词较远时,引导定语从句的关系代词一般只用who
Icameacrossmyfirstteacherinthestoreyesterdaywhowasstillbeautiful.
f非限定性定语从句只用who来引导,不用that
Hehasason,whoisadoctor.
(4)当先行词是人,只用that不用who的情况:
a.以who开头的特殊疑问句,定语从句的先行词如果是人,关系代词只用that不用who
Whoisthegirlthatsaidhellotoyoujustnow?
b.当先行词既有人也有物时,定语从句只用that来引导
Theyoftertalkaboutthepersonandthingsthattheyremember.
c.当关系代词在定语从句中作表语时,只用that来引导
He’schanged.Heisnotthemanthathewas.
d.当先行词被形容词的最高级修饰时,只用that.
ThisisthemostbeautifulladythatIhaveevermet.
e.当先行词是other时,定语从句只用that引导。
Youcanasktheoldmanoranyotherthatwasthereatthetime.[page]
2.先行词是物时that和which一般可以互换使用,但有时不可换用。
(1)下列场合一般用that:
a.先行词是all,much,anything,something,nothing,everything,little,the
one,none等不定代词
Weshoulddoallthatisusefultothepeople.
ThelittlethatIhaveseenofhisworkissatisfactory.
b.先行词被序数词,形容词最高级以及first,last,any,only,few,much,no,
some,very等词修饰
ThefirstbookthatIboughtinthisbookstoreisadictionary.
ThelastpersonthatItalkedwithinLondonismygirlfriend
ThebestteacherthatIhaveevermethasgoneabroad
Youcantakeanyseatthatisvacant.
c.先行词有两个:
一个指人,另一个指物
Imissallthepeopleandplacesthatwevisitedlastsummer
d.主句是以who或which开头的特殊疑问句。
e.Therebe句型中,Thereisaseatinthecornerthatisfree.
f.先行词为数词时
Threebuildingshavebeencompleted,buttherearetwothatarestillunderconstruction.
(2)下列场合不能用that
a.在非限定性定语从句中,即逗号后的定语从句不用that引导,指人时用who或whom,指物时用which.
b.在“介词+关系代词”结构中不用that,指人时用whom,指物时用which.
Thisisthebookaboutwhichwearetalking.
c.先行词为that,those时,关系词用which指物,who指人
What’sthatwhichyouhavegotinyourhand?
d.两个定语从句,一个用了that,另一个则用which.
LetmeshowyouthenovelthatIborrowedfromthelibrarywhichwas
newlyopentous.
e.关系代词后有插入语时,只用which
Herearesomestampswhich–Ithink–youcantakeaway.
3.当关系词在从句中作宾语时,关系词可以省略。
4.当先行词指时间,地点,原因(thereason)时,且关系词在从句中作状语,用when,where,why
如果关系词在从句中作主语,表语或宾语,则用that或which.
Iwanttovisittheplacewheremymotherwasborn.
=Iwanttovisittheplaceinwhichmymotherwasborn.
IstillremembertheyearswhenIstudiedinthemiddleschool.
=IstillremembertheyearsinwhichIstudiedinthemiddleschool.
Idon’tknowthereasonwhyhedidn’tagreewithus.
=Ididn’tknowthereasonforw
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