商(商学精要)期末重点整理版.doc
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商(商学精要)期末重点整理版.doc
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Chapter1
1.Definebusinessandprofits
Business-----Anorganizationthatprovidesgoodsandservicestoearnprofits
Profits:
Thepositivedifferencebetweenrevenuesandexpenses
Ürewardsforbusinesspeoplewhotaketherisks
2.Distinguishbetweenbusinessandnot-for-profitorganizations
•Businessconsistsofallprofit-seekingactivitiesandenterprisesthatprovidegoodsandservicesnecessarytoaneconomicsystem.['entəpraɪz]事业,项目
Not-for-profitorganizationsarebusinesslikeestablishments(机构;团体;企业)thathaveprimaryobjectivesotherthanreturningprofitstotheirowners.Itoperatesinbothpublicserviceandprivatesector(部门,行业,领域).
3.Identifythefactorsofproduction.
Labor,capital,entrepreneurs([ˌɒntrəprə'nɜ:
(r)]企业家),physicalresources,informationresources.
4.Globaleconomicsystems
Plannedeconomy,marketeconomyandmixedeconomies
•PlannedEconomy:
ØAneconomicsysteminwhichthegovernmentownsandoperatesallsourcesofproduction
•MarketEconomy:
ØAneconomicsysteminwhichbuyersandsellersinteract([ˌɪntər'ækt]相互作用;互相影响)basedonfreedomofchoice
MixedEconomies:
PlannedandMarket
•Theeconomiesofmostcountriesincludebothplannedandmarketelements.
5.Distinguishbetweenmicroeconomicsandmacroeconomics.
Microeconomics微观经济学—studyofsmalleconomicunits,suchasindividualconsumers,families,andbusinesses.Forexample,demand&supply,consumerchoices.
Macroeconomics宏观经济学—studyofanation’soveralleconomicissues,suchashowaneconomymaintainsandallocatesresourcesandhowgovernmentpoliciesaffectthestandardsoflivingofitscitizens.Forexample,GDP.
6.Explainthefactorsthatdrivedemandandsupply.
(1)FactorsDrivingDemand
1)Price
2)Customerpreferencesandincome
3)Pricesofsubstitute(['sʌbstɪtju:
t]替代的)andcomplementary([ˌkɒmplɪˈmentri]互补的)items
4)Numberofbuyersinthemarket
5)Consumers’optimismaboutthefuture.
(2)FactorsDrivingSupply
•factorsofproduction(Centralroleindeterminingtheoverallsupplyofgoodsandservicesisplayedbyfactorsofproduction.)
•Otherfactorsliketaxesandthenumberofsupplierswillalsoinfluencethesupply.
7.Describeeachofthefourdifferenttypesofmarketstructuresinaprivateenterprisesystem.
Purecompetition,monopolistic[məˌnɔpəˈlistik]competition(垄断性竞争),oligopoly([ˌɒlɪ'gɒpəlɪ]寡头,求过于供的市场情况)andmonopoly([mə'nɒpəlɪ]垄断)
Purecompetitionexistswhenallfirmsinanindustryaresmallandthenumberoffirmsislarge.Pricesaredeterminedbymarketforcesassupplyanddemand.
Inmonopolisticcompetition,manysellerstrytomaketheirproductsatleaseseemtobedifferentfromthoseofcompetitors.Productdifferentiationgivessellerssomecontroloverprices.
Whenanindustryhasonlyahandfulofsellers,anoligopolyexists.Theentryofnewcompetitorsishard.Andthepricesofcomparableproductsareusuallysimilar.
Amonopolyexistswhenanindustryormarkethasonlyoneproducer.Asolesupplierenjoysnearlycompletecontroloverthepricesofitsproducts.
8.Identifyanddescribethefourstagesofthebusinesscycle.
Prosperity,繁荣;recession衰退;depression萧条;recovery复苏
[prɒ'sperətɪ][rɪˈseʃn][dɪ'preʃn]
9.Explainhowproductivity,price-levelchanges,andemploymentlevelsaffectthestabilityofanation’seconomy.
10.Discusshowmonetarypolicyandfiscalpolicyareusedtomanageaneconomy’sperformance.
MonetaryPolicy货币政策
governmentactionstoincreaseordecreasethemoneysupplyandchangebankingrequirementsandinterestratestoinfluencebanker’swillingnesstomakeloans.
FiscalPolicy财政政策
Governmentinfluenceseconomybyspendingandtaxationdecisions.Governmentusesfiscalpolicytocontrolinflations([ɪn'fleɪʃn]通货膨胀),reduceunemployment,improvethegeneralwelfareofcitizens,andencourageeconomicgrowth.
Chapter2
1.Explaintheconceptsofbusinessethicsandsocialresponsibility.
Businessethicsarestandardsofbusinessconductandmoralvaluesbyemployeesonthejob
Socialresponsibilityreferstotheoverallwayinwhichabusinessattemptstobalanceitscommitmentstorelevantgroupsandindividualsinitssocialenvironments.
2.Describethefactorsthatinfluencebusinessethics,atindividual,organizational,legal,societallevels
Individual:
values,workbackground,familystatus,personality
Organizational:
TopLevelMgmt.Philosophy,theFirm’sRewardSystem,JobDimensions
Environmental:
Competition,economicconditions,social/culturalinstitutions
3.Listthestagesinthedevelopmentofethicalstandards.
Stage1:
Preconventional
Individualismainlylookingoutforhisorherinterest.Rulesarefollowedonlyoutoffearofpunishmentorhopeofreward.
Stage2:
Conventional
Individualconsidersthe
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