浪漫主义文学文档格式.docx
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浪漫主义文学文档格式.docx
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文学
Abstract
Britainisoneofthecountriesthatfirstappearromanticliterature.Itsromanticliteraturebeganinthelate18thcentury,andthefirsthalfof19thCenturywasitsprosperousperiod.BritishromanticliteraturerepresentsthehighestachievementofEuropeanromanticliteratureinthe19thcentury.Theromanticperiodisanageofpoetry.Theromanticistsstartedarebellionagainsttheneoclassicalliterature.Theyemphasizedthespecialqualitiesofeachindividual’smind,changingtheirattentiontotheinnerworldofthehumanspiritfromtheouterworldofsocialcivilization.
Keywords:
Britain;
romanticperiod;
literature
Contents
摘要I
AbstractII
ContentsIII
1Introduction1
2Background2
2.1HistoricalBackground2
2.2IntellectualBackground2
3LiteraryFeatures3
3.1WorshipofNature3
3.2Singularity3
3.3Spontaneity3
3.4Subjectivism3
3.5Simplicity4
4Twoperiodsofdevelopment4
4.1Pre-RomanticPeriod(1764-1798)4
4.2TheRomanticAge(1798-1837)5
5Influence5
5.1InfluenceonBritishliteratureofthesameperiod5
5.2InfluenceonlaterBritishliterature6
6Conclusion6
Bibliography7
1Introduction
Majorpoliticalandsocialchangesattheendofthe18thcentury,particularlytheFrenchRevolution,promptedanewbreedofwritingknownasromanticisminBritain.
RomanticismwasineffectarevoltoftheEnglishimaginationagainsttheneoclassicalreason,whichprevailedfromthedaysofPopetothoseofJohnson.AndsomeofthegreatimaginativewritingsinEnglishliteraturesprangfromtheconfrontationofradicalsandconservativesatthecloseofthe18thcentury.Theromanticwritersexpressedamoreorlessnegativeattitudetowardtheexistingsocialandpoliticalconditionsthatcamewithindustrializationandthegrowingimportanceofthebourgeoisie.Theyfeltthatthesocietydeniedpeopleandtheiressentialhumanneeds.SoundertheinfluenceoftheleadingromanticthinkerslikeKantandthePost-Kantians,theydemonstratedastrongreactionagainstthedominantmodesofthinkingofthe18th-centurywritersandphilosophers.
TheRomanticperiodemphaticallyanageofpoetry.Manyyoungenthusiasticwritersturnedtopoetryasahappymantosinging.ThegloryoftheageisseeninthepoetryofWordsworth,Coleridge,Southey,Byron,ShelleyandKeats.TheRomanticperiodisalsoagreatageofprose.Coleridge,Lamb,HazlittandDeQuinceyaretheleadinggigures.TheRomanticperiodinBritainalsosawtheappearanceofseveraloutstandingnovelistsandessayistsalthoughpoetryformedthemaincurrent.
2Background
2.1HistoricalBackground
Thepoliticalandsocialfactorsthatgaverisetothereomanticmovementwerethethreerevolutions,undertheinfluenceoftheAmericanandFrenchrevolutions,nationalliberationmovementsanddemocraticmovementssweptacrossmanyEuropeancountries.Britainwasnoexception.
ThoughthegovernmentalliedhandinglovewiththereactionaryforcesontheContinent,politicalreformsandmassdemonstrationsviolentlyshooktheveryfoundationofaristocraticruleinBritian.Nolessimportantweretheconsequencesoftheindustrialrevolution.Itbroughtgreatwealthtotherichandworsenedtheworkingandlivingconditionsofthepoor.Withtheinventionofthenewmachines,manyskilledworkerswerereplacedbywomenandchildrenandworkinghoursforyoungchildrenlastedfromfourteentosixteenhoursaday.
Ignorantoftherealcausesthatbroughtthemsuchdisaster,workersinvariousplacesattributedtheirmiseriesandgrowingpovertytotheintroductionofthenewmachines.Hencetherebrokeoutamachine-breakingmovement,calledtheLudditemovement.
Thentheseimpactedwriterswhowerelivinginthisage,theywereinclinedtoconveytheirownfeelingsbywritinganddidnotcompliedwiththeexistingrulesandregulations.Inthisway,consequentlyreomanticliteraturewereproducedinBritain.
2.2IntellectualBackground
Theshiftinliteraturefromemphasisonreasontoinstinctandemotionwasintellectuallypreparedbyanumberofthinkersinthelater18thcentury.
Rousseau(1712-1778),theFrenchphilosopher,isgenerallyregardedasthefatherofromanticism.Herejectstheworshipofreason.Reason,hemaintains,hasitsuse,butitisnotthewholeanswer.Hepreachesthatcivilizedmenshould"
returntonature"
toaprimitivestateoflife.TheNewHeloiseandEmilesowedtheseedsofromanticism.
AnotherthinkerwhocontributedtothisshiftfromemphasisonreasontoinstinctandemotionwasEdmundBurke(1729-1797).Heclaimsthatnoonehastherighttodestroytheinstitutionsandtraditionsthathavebeenpasseddowntohimthroughgenerationsandtodestroythemistodestroycivilizationitself.Helinksthesublimeandthebeautifultohumanemotionsandphysicalsensesaswellasimagination,thuselevatingthefunctionofinstinctsandemotions.
3LiteraryFeatures
3.1WorshipofNature
Writersinthisperiodareworshippersofnature,especiallythesublimeaspectofanaturescene.Romanticpoetsreadinnaturesomemysteriousforce.Sometreatnatureasalivingentitythatsharesthepoet'
sfeelings.SomeevenregardnatureastherevelationofGod.
3.2Singularity
Atthattime,romanticwritershaveastronglovefortheremote,theunusual,thestrange,thesupernatural,themysteriousthesplendid,thepicturesque,andtheillogical.Allthesequalitiesarethosethattheneo-classicwriterstriedtoavoid.
3.3Spontaneity
Wordsworthdefinespoetryas"
thespontaneousoverflowoffeelings"
.Thisemphasisonspontaneityisopposedtothe"
rules"
and"
regulations"
imposedonthepoetsbyneo-classicwriters.Romanticismisanassertionofindependence,adeparturefromtheneo-classicrules.Aworkofartmustbeoriginal.Theroleofinstinct,intuition,andthefeelingsof"
theheart"
isstressedinsteadofneo-classicists'
emphasison"
thehead"
onregularity,uniformity,decorum,andimitationoftheclassicwriters.
3.4Subjectivism
Insteadofregardingpoetryas"
amirrortonature"
thesourseofwhichisintheouterworld,romanticwritersdescribepoetryas"
whichexpressthewriter'
smind.Theinterestoftheromanticwritersisnotintheobjectiveorintheactionofmen,butinthefeelings,thoughtsandexperiencesofthewritersthemselves.Eventhedescriptionofnaturalandhumanobjectsismodifiedbythewriter'
sfeelings.Inshort,romanticismisrelatedtosubjectivism,whereasneo-classicismisrelatedtoobjectivism.ThepeotyoftheRomanticAgeinBritainisdistinctiveforitshighdegreeofimagilation.
3.5Simplicity
Romanticwriterstakeusingeverydaylanguagespokenbytherusticpeopleasopposedtothepoeticdictionusedbyneo-classicwriters.UndertheinfluenceoftheAmericanandFrenchrevolutions,therewasagrowthofdemocraticfeelings,andanincreasingbeliefthateveryhumanbeingisworthbeingpraised.Hencetherewasarevivaloffolkliterature,arealawakeningofinterestinthelifeofthecommonpeople,asenseofuniversalbrotherhood,andagrowingsympathyforthesufferingofthepeople.Theromanticmovementischaracterizedbyahumanitarianidealism.Manywritershadavisionofthebrotherhoodofmankind,universalsharing,andtheultimatefreedomofhumanspirits.
4Twoperiodsofdevelopment
4.1Pre-RomanticPeriod(1764-1798)
Inthe1760s,IndustrialRevolutioninBritainbegan.IthadaprofoundinfluenceonBritisheconomyandsociety.Economically,Britaingainedprosperousgrowing,buildinglotsofindustriesandgettingrawmaterialsfromallovertheworld.Politically,Britishcarriedalargerangeofcolonialexpansion,andthroughouttheworldbuiltalargenumberofcolonies.
Withthesocialandeconomicchangesnewideaswerebeingformed.Oneideawastheyearningforthepast.Thepresentagewasfoundtobeoneofdryreasoning.Peopleturnedtofindthecontentmentsonecessarytothecravingsofitsemotionalnature.Anotherwasthatpeoplebegantoreassertfeelingsassomethingtobeencouraged.Peoplefoundthatmanhadfeelingsaswellaspowersofobservationandthought.Nowawakenedfeelingsledmantoareassertionofthedignity,theworth,theimportanceandtherightoftheindividual.
Itwasunderthisintellectualatmospherethatromanticliteraturecameintoexistence.TherewereexperimentersbeforetheRomanticMovementburstintofullexpressioninthelate18thcentury.ThewriterswhoweretransitionaltoRomanticismareTomasGray,RobertBurnsandWillianBlake.Pre-RomanticliteraturelaidafoundationforliteratureintheRomanticAge.
4.2TheRomanticAge(1798-1837)
ThepublicationofLyricalBalladsbyWordsworthandColeridgein1798marksthebeginningoftheromanticliterature.Inthisage,romanticismhasbeenfurtherdeveloped.Romanticistsexpressedtheideologyandsentimentofthoseclassesandsocialstratathatwerediscontentwithandopposedtothedevelopmentofcapitalism.Theysplitintotwogroupsbecauseofthedifferentattitudestowardthecapitalistsociety.
Someromanticwritersreflectedthethinkingofthoseclasseswhichhadbeenruinedbythebourgeoisie.TheyturnedtothefeudalpastandidealizedthelifeoftheMiddleAgestoprotestagainstcapitalistdevelopment.Therefore,theystoodonthesideofthefeudalforcesandevencombinedthemselveswiththoseforces.TheseromanticpoetsarecalledPassiveRomanticpoetsrepresentedbyWordsworth,ColeridgeandSouthey.Thethreepoetswerealsocalled"
Lakepoet"
.Othersexpressedtheaspirationofthelaboringclasses.Theyheldoutanidealoffutureso
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