How to give a successful oral presentation怎样做一个精彩的报告文档格式.docx
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How to give a successful oral presentation怎样做一个精彩的报告文档格式.docx
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J.W.Niemantsverdriet
SchuitInstituteofCatalysis,
EindhovenUniversityofTechnology
Eindhoven,TheNetherlands
Seealso:
http:
//www.efcats.org
Howtogiveasuccessfuloralpresentation
developyourownpresentationstyle…
…buttrytoavoidcommonlymademistakes
Introduction
Howoftenhaveyoubeenlisteningtooralpresentationsthatdealtwithinterestingsciencewhileyouneverthelesshaddifficultytopayattentiontilltheend?
Howoftendidyouloseyourinterestbeforethespeakerhadevencomehalfway?
Wasitbecauseofthesubjectofthetalkorwasitthewaythespeakerpresentedit?
Manypresentationsconcerninterestingwork,butareneverthelessdifficulttofollowbecausethespeakerunknowinglymakesanumberofpresentationerrors.Byfarthelargestmistakeisthataspeakerdoesnotrealizehowanaudiencelistens.Ifyouarewellawareofwhaterrorsyoushouldavoid,thechancesarehighthatyouwillbeabletogreatlyimprovetheeffectivenessofyourpresentations.
Figure1Typicalattentiontheaudiencepaystoanaveragepresentation
TheAttentionCurve
Theaverageattendeeofaconferenceisbyallmeanswillingtolistentoyou,butheisalsoeasilydistracted.Youshouldrealizethatonlyaminorpartofthepeoplehavecomespecificallytolistentoyourtalk.Therestisthereforavarietyofreasons,towaitforthenextspeaker,ortogetageneralimpressionofthefield,orwhatever.
Figure1illustrateshowtheaverageaudiencepaysattentionduringatypicalpresentationof,let’ssay,30minutes.Almosteveryonelistensinthebeginning,buthalfwaytheattentionmaywellhavedroppedtoaround10-20%ofwhatitwasatthestart.Attheend,manypeoplestarttolistenagain,particularlyifyouannounceyourconclusions,becausetheyhopetotakesomethingawayfromthepresentation.
Whatcanyoudotocatchtheaudience’sattentionforthewholedurationofyourtalk?
Theattentioncurveimmediatelygivesafewrecipes:
∙Almosteveryonelistensinthebeginning.ThisisTHEmomenttomakeclearthatyouwillpresentworkthattheaudiencecannotaffordtomiss.
∙Ifyouwanttogetyourmessagethrough,youshouldstateitloudandclearinthebeginning,andrepeatitattheend.
∙Thebestapproach,however,istodivideyourpresentationinseveralparts,eachendedbyanintermediateconclusion,seeFigure2.Peopleintheaudiencewhogotdistractedcanalwayseasilycatchupwithyou,particularlyifyououtlinethestructureofyourtalkinthebeginning.
Figure2Idealattentioncurveofanaudiencewhenthespeakerdivideshistalkinrecognizableparts,eachsummarizedbyintermediateconclusions.Ifpeopleloosetheirattentionforsomereason,theycaneasilycatchupwiththespeakerinoneofhisintermediatesummaries.Thebigadvantageofthisapproachisthateveryimportantitemissaidseveraltimes.Repeatingtheessentialsisthekeytogettingyourmessageacross
AUDIENCESLOVEBACKGROUNDINFORMATION!
Youcanraisetheinterestofattendeeswhoarenotperdefinitioninterestedinyoursubject,bygivingthemtheimpressionthattheywilllearnsomethingfromyourtalk.Notethatthispartoftheaudienceismoreinterestedingeneralaspectsthaninthedetails.Youcertainlyneedtogivethemagoodintroductionintothebackgroundofyoursubject,beforetheycanfullyappreciatethesubtletiesofyourwork.Hence,youshouldspendatleastsome30%ofyourtimeongeneralthemes,e.g.whatisknownaboutthecatalyticreactionandthecatalystsandhowitisappliedinindustry,orperhapsalessknownmethodofresearchthatismoregenerallyapplicable,etc.Alargepartoftheaudiencemayfindthisveryusefultoknow.Butwhatisevenmoreimportant,withsufficientbackgroundinformationtheywillunderstandalotmoreaboutyourspecificresults,i.e.thatpartofthetalkyouaremostproudof.
Whydoesanaudiencegetdistracted?
Therearemanyreasonswhythismayhappen,somemaybeoutsideyourcontrol,suchasinadequatesoundsystems,pooroverheadprojectors,ornoisyconferencecenterswithcardboardwallsbetweentwosessionsrunninginparallel.Whatyoucando,isavoidanythingthatmayencouragetheaudiencetostoplistening.Suchmistakesfallintwoclasses:
speaker’serrorsandpresentationerrors.Welistacoupleofthemostcommonones,mostareselfexplanatory.
1)Thespeakerlivesinhisownlittleworldofresearch,hebelievesthatallthebackgroundinformationneededtoappreciatethemeaningofhisworkiscommonknowledge.Thisisseldomthecase!
2)Thestructureofthepresentationisunclear,andconsequentlythelineofreasoningishardtofollow.Importantmattersasproblemidentification,aims,ormotivationareinsufficientlyclear.
3)Visualaids(transparencies,slides)areinadequate,confusing,unreadable,toosmall,toocrowded,etc.Somespeakersshowtoomanyinatooshorttime(oneperminuteisnotbadasaruleofthumb).
4)Thespeakeruseslong,complicatedsentences;
heusesunnecessaryjargon,abbreviationsordifficultwords.Passivesentences(“Fromthisfigureitwasdeducedthat…”or”Itwasthereforeconcludedthat……)aremoredifficulttofollowthanactiveones(”Thisfigureimpliesthat…”or”Therefore,weconcludethat…”).
5)
Nottoofast,please….!
Manyspeakershaverehearsedtheirtalksooftenthattheyspeaktoofast.Otherssimplyhavesomuchtocover,thattheonlywaytostaywithintheallottedtimeistospeedup.Ofcourse,thisisnotintheinterestoftheaudience,particularlynotataninternationalmeeting.
…andtrytovaryyourpace
Asaruleofthumb,speakingat150wordsperminuteisallright.However,trytovaryyourrate.Keyideas,complicatedpoints,orconcludingremarks(youmaywanttouseoneattheendofeveryslideyoushow)arebestpresentedataslowerpace.
Evenworseiswhenthespeakerreadshisspeechfrompaperandforgetsthat
a)writtenlanguageisusuallymoreformalandcomplicatedthanlanguageusedineverydayconversations,and
b)readingwrittentextgoesalotfasterthanimpromptuspeaking.
Insuchcasestheaudiencewilldefinitelyexperienceinformationoverload.OfcoursewesympathizewiththespeakerwhofeelsinsufficientlyconfidentinEnglish.However,readingatextisalmostalwaysanunsatisfactorysolution.Andafterall,nobodyintheaudiencewillblameyouforacoupleofmistakesinthelanguage,Englishwillbeaforeignlanguageforthemajorityoftheparticipants.
6)Monotonoussentences,spokeneithertoofastortooslowly,lackofemphasis,unclearpronunciation,allmakeitdifficultforthelistenerstostayattentive.Somespeakersturntheirbacktotheaudienceandwatchtheprojectionscreenwhiletheyaretalking,insteadoftryingtomakevisualcontactwiththeaudience.
Howtoorganizeyourpresentation
Youshouldbeawareoffundamentaldifferencesbetweenanoralpresentationandawrittenreport.Inthepresentationthelistenerbynecessityhastofollowtheorderinwhichthespeakerpresentshismaterial.Thereaderofanarticlecanskipparts,gobacktothematerialssection,takeapreviewattheconclusionswhenhereadstheresults,etc.Exactlybecauseofthisreason,allscientificreportsfollowthegenerallyadoptedstructureofAbstract–Introduction–ExperimentalMethods–Results–Discussion–Conclusions–References.However,thisstructureistotallyUNSUITABLEforanoralpresentation.Nevertheless,themajorityofcontributedtalksataconferenceadherestoit.
Whyisthisgenerallyacceptedstructureunsuitableforlectures?
Becausethelistenerwillhavetorememberdetailsabouttheexperimentalmethodsuntiltheresultsarepresented,andhemustrecallthevariousresultswhenthespeakerdealswiththediscussion.Inotherwords,detailsthatshouldbecombined(thewhy,how,whatandwhatdoesitmeanofaparticularexperiment)aretreatedseparately.Youaskalotfromtheaudienceiftheyneedtorememberallthesefactsandfiguresuntilattheendyouexplainhowthesebitsandpiecesfitinalargerpicture.
Groupingtogetherwhatbelongstogetherisamuchbetterwaytoorganizeyourtalk.Hence,ifyoudiscusscharacterizationbye.g.XPS,youstartthispartofthepresentationwithafewintroductoryremarksofwhatyouwanttolearnaboutyourcatalyst,howXPSmayhelpyoutoprovidethisinformation,thenyoushowafewresultsandyoudiscusswhattheymean.Endwithaconclusion.Thenyougotothenextiteminyourpresentation,whichmaybedeterminationofparticlesizebyTEM.Whenfinishedwiththis,youmaygiveanoverallconclusiononthestateofyourcatalystbeforeyougoontospeakaboutcatalyticbehavior.
Figure3Inanoralpresentationyoushouldgrouptogetherwhatbelongstogether.
InTenStepsToaSuccessfulPresentation
Youshouldrealizethatthetwokeyissuesinthepreparationofatalkare:
∙Themessage:
WhatdoIwanttheaudiencetoknowwhenIamfinished?
∙Theaudience:
HowdoIpresentmytalksuchthattheaudiencewillunderstandandrememberwhatIhavetosay?
1)Startintime.
Onceyousubmittedtheabstracttotheconferenceorganizers,itistimetostartthinkingabouthowyouorganizethematerialinatalkifyourabstractwillhavebeenaccepted.Readaboutthebackgroundofyourwork,readrelatedwork,lookatyourownresultsregularlyandthinkaboutthemostrelevantconclusions.Trytoimaginewhattypeofaudienceyouwouldhaveandconsiderwhatyouwouldhavetoincludeasbackgroundinformation
2)
Example:
“Iwanttoconvincetheaudiencethatamongaclassofbimeta
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