Chapter 9 Sociacultural impacts of tourism文档格式.docx
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Chapter 9 Sociacultural impacts of tourism文档格式.docx
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☐describeandcritiquetheconceptoftheirridex
☐understandthepositiveandnegativeenvironmentalconsequencesoftourismfordestinations
☐citeexamplesoftheenvironmentalimpactsequenceusingallfourcategoriesofstressoractivity.
Timeallocation
Chapter9Socio-culturalandenvironmentalimpactsoftourism
(8periods)
Introduction
1periods
Socio-culturalbenefits
2periods
Socio-culturalcosts
3periods
Authenticity
Theirridex
Emphasisanddifficultpoints
Emphasis:
Explaintheconceptofcommodificationanditsconsequences,andunderstandhowtourismcancontributetothisprocess
Difficultpoints:
Thefrontstageandbackstagedistinctionanditsimplicationsforthemanagementoftouristdestinations
Teachingmethods
Lecturemethod;
brainstorming;
colloquiummethod;
casestudy
Teachingpoints
1.Introduction
Preview:
Socio-culturalimpactsinthetourismsystem
Figure2.1Abasictourismsystem
Acculturationorculturalborrowing
Questions:
Whatistheacculturation?
Anthropologistsagreethatwhentwoculturescomeintocontactforanylengthoftime,eachbecomesalittlebitmoreliketheotherthroughborrowing,aprocessknownasacculturation.Eversincepeoplefirstbegantotravelandcameintocontactwithotherpeople,acculturationhastakenplace.Butthisborrowingoracculturationisatwo-waystreet.AnyvisitortoHawaiiwillnoticethatoftenmaletouristswearbrightlycolored“Hawaiian”shirtsandwomenwearmuumuus,whereasmanyofthelocalpeoplearetheoneswiththeT-shirtsandbluejeans.YouwillseethesimilarculturalborrowinginEgyptorinothercountries.Touristsoftenchangetheirbehaviorwhentheyareawayfromhome.
Thebasicdilemmaofculturalimpactoftourismisthatpeopleathomedonotwanttheirlocalcultureinfluencedbytourists,butwhentheythemselvesbecometouriststheyoftenfeelitistheirright,becausetheyhavepaidforatrip,toimposethemselvesonothercultures.Tourismpresentsunexcelledpossibilitiesforpeopletolearnofothercultures.Therootsofharmonyorconflictamongpeoplesgomuchdeeperthanonlyquestionsofunderstanding.
Howistheculturereflectedintravelandtourism?
Cultureiswhatasocietywishesittobeinordertocopewithlife.Whenpeopletraveltheywillcertainlyexperienceculturenomatterhewantstoseethelandscapeorvisitthemuseums.AstheChinesesayinggoes,“Themountainisfamousnotforitsheight,butfortheimmortalsthere.”Culturecanbeexperiencedinmanyaspectswhenyoutravel,suchas:
✓music–includingallforms,fromtraditionaltocontemporary;
✓dance-costumes,music,settingandskillofthedancersarewhatdifferentiatethedancesofvariousnations;
✓finearts-includingarchitecture,landscapearchitecture,painting,sculptureandgraphicarts;
✓itshistoricbuildings-oftenatouristattractionintheirownright;
✓science-thestateofanation’sscienceisgenerallyreflectedinitsscientificdisplaysandmuseums;
✓handicrafts-theseareconsideredculturalonlyiftheyaremadebythelocalpeopleofthecountryinwhichtheyaresold;
✓agriculture,businessandindustry-theseareallreflectionsofhowanationhasdevelopedandwhatitseconomicbaseis;
✓gastronomy-foodanddrinkareareflectionofacountry’sculturalheritage.Unfortunatelymanytouristsneverseekout,orwishtotry,aforeignnation’sfoodspecialties;
✓traditions–festivalsareoverrepresentedinthisfields.Greetingcustomsvaryfromcountrytocountry.
Questionnaires
1.Isthetourismindustryanone-smokingindustry?
2.Doyouthinkthelocalpeopleliketourists?
3.Howdoyourespondwhenyouarelatebecauseofthetrafficjamcausedbytouristcoach?
4.Whatwouldyoudoiftheforeigntouristsaredrunkanddisturbyou?
5.Whenyoutravelabroaddoyouliketogambleorlookforthestreetgirls?
Twoattitudes:
AdvocatoryandCautionary
InChina,thegovernmentsandlocalpeoplealllovetourism.Theybelievethatdevelopmentoftourismwillcertainlybringaboutthebenefitsforthem,especiallyinthelessdevelopedareas.Unfortunately,recentlythelackofharmonyhasbecomemoreprevalentinsomedestinationsorcountries.Thereisevidenceofgrowinghostilitytowardsvisitorsatthemorepopulartouristdestinationswhicharebecomingoverwhelmedbythevolumeofbusiness.Insomeareasitisevidentinagrowingantipathytowardtourists,asinsomecitiesofEuropewheretheAsiansarereferredtoas“ants”andinsomeAsiancountrieswheretheEuropeansarecalled“grackles”(八哥,白头翁).
2.Socio-culturalbenefits
2.1Promotionofcross-culturalunderstanding
1.WhatdoyouthinkoftheEnglishandAmericanpeople?
2.WhatdotheEuropeansthinkoftheChinese?
3.Howdoyouunderstandthesaying“Noblackpeoplewillnotsteal;
noyellowpeoplewillnotgamble;
andnowhitepeoplewillnotseektheprostitutes?
4.Howcanyouchangethestereotypeofthecultureandpeople?
2.2Changeofthestereotypes
Advocatesoftourismcontendthatdirectcontactsbetweentouristsandresidentscanservetodispelsuchstereotypesandallowthemembersofeachgrouptoperceiveoneanotherasindividualsand,potentially,asfriends.Peoplewhotravelextensivelyareoftencharacterizedasmorebroad-minded,tolerantandcosmopolitanthanpeoplewhomaintainlimitedcontactwiththeworldatlarge.Hence,tourismisseenasapotentforceforcross-culturalunderstanding.
2.3Vitalforcefortheworldpeace
OnemanifestationofthisviewisD’Amore’scontentionthattourismisavitalforceforworldpeace.Asidefromthespontaneousday-to-daycontacts,hecitestheroleoftourisminfacilitatingdeliberate“track-twodiplomacy”,orunofficialface-to-facecontactthataugmentsofficialor“track-one”avenuesofcommunication.Aclassicexamplewasthe“ping-pong”diplomacyoftheearly1970sbetweentheUnitedStatesandChina.Low-keytourismexchangeswillhavebeeninstrumentalinbringingaboutsucharadicalshiftinperception.
2.4Incentivetopreservecultureandheritage
Tourismadvocatesbelievethattourismstimulatesthepreservationorrestorationofhistoricalbuildingsandsites.Thiscanoccurdirectly,asthroughthecollectionofentrancefees,souvenirsalesanddonations,andindirectly,throughtheallocationofgeneraltourismrevenuestopreservationorrestorationefforts.Thesameprinciplesapplytoculture.Ceremoniesandtraditionsthatmightotherwisedieoutduetotherelentlessonslaughtofmodernizationmaybepreservedorrevitalizedbecauseoftouristdemand.ExamplesofrestorationthathavebeenmotivatedandsupportedatleastinpartbytourismrevenuesinSichuaninclude.
●HuanglongxiAncientTown
●LangzhongAncientCity
●Naxiancientmusic
●Shubrocadecraftsmanship
2.5Fosteringofsocialwellbeingandstability
Bycreatingjobsandgeneratingincome,tourismisthereforesaidtopromotealevelofeconomicdevelopmentconducivetoincreasedsocialwellbeingandstability.
●jobopportunity(back-forwardlinkage)
●healthstandard
●anti-crimes
●improvementoftheinfrastructureinthelocalcommunity
Questionnaires:
1.Whatdoyouthinkoftheindigenousculture?
2.Doyouthinkthattheculturecanbe‘sold’?
3.Doyouthinkthedevelopmentoftheculturalresourceswilldoharmtotheindigenousculture?
4.Howdowetakemeasurestoprotectourculturalresources?
3.Socioculturalcosts
3.1Authenticity
1.Whichdoyouthinkisbetter?
Thegenuinetouristproductsorcontrivedones?
2.Doyoubelievethemoreauthentic,thebetterwhenyouwatchaperformanceinthedestination?
●Ononelevelitcanbearguedthateverything,includingfakecopiesoflocalart,is“authentic”or“genuine”becauseofthesimplefactthatitexistsandconveyssomekindofmeaning.
●Amoreconventionalviewistoconsiderauthenticgoodsandexperiencesasthosethatembodytheactualculture(pastorpresent)ofthedestinationcommunity.
Buteventhisisproblematic.IntheexampleoftheNorthAmericanIndianvillagenotedearlier,isthenon-traditionalculturethatisbeingpracticedinthebackstageanylessauthenticthanthetepeedisplayedinthefrontstage,sinceitrepresentstherealityofthatgroupofpeopleinthistimeandplace.
Theperceptionofattractions
1.Thefirstscenario,theattractionispresentedbyresidentsasauthenticandisperceivedassuchbythevisitingtourist.Thisistheidealoption,likelytopersistduringthefirsttwostagesofthecommodificationmodeloutlineinsection9.3.1.(positiveimpact)
2.Thesecondscenario,intermsofitsimplicationsforhost-guestrelationships,aperformanceispresentedascontrivedandisalsoperceivedassuchbythetourists.(positiveimpact)
3.Thethirdscenario,theperformanceiscontrived.Buttouristsbelieve,throughinadvertent(e.g.frontstageisconfusedwithormisinterpretedasbackstage)o
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