跨文化交际复习提纲Word下载.docx

跨文化交际复习提纲Word下载.docx

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DefinitionFinal

5）Cultureisthetotalaccumulationofbeliefs,customs,values,behaviors,institutionsandcommunicationpatternsthatareshared,learnedandpasseddownthroughthegenerationsinanidentifiablegroupofpeople.

2.CulturalMetaphors

1.TheCulturalIceberg

2.TheCulturalOnion

3.TheCulturalSoftware

4.TheCulturalFish

5.TheCulturalStory

6.CulturebyChinese

7.CulturebyAmericans

3.CharacteristicsofCulture

1）Cultureisshared

Themembersofacultureshareasetof‘ideals,values,andstandardsofbehaviors’,andthissetofidealsiswhatgivesmeaningtotheirlives,andwhatbondthemtogetherasaculture.

2） 

Cultureislearned

Actually,cultureisnotinnatesensibility,butalearnedcharacteristic.Childrenbeginlearningabouttheirowncultureathomewiththeirimmediatefamilyandhowtheyinteracteachother,howtheydress,andtheritualstheyperform.Whenthechildrenaregrowinginthecommunity,theirculturaleducationisadvancedbywatchingsocialinteractions,takingpartinculturalactivitiesandritualsinthecommunity,formingtheirownrelationshipsandtakingtheirplaceintheculture.

3）Cultureisbasedonsymbols.

Inorderfortheculturetobetransmittedfromonepersontothenext,andfromonegenerationtothenext,asystemofsymbolsneedstobecreatedthattranslatestheidealsoftheculturetoitsmembers.Thisisaccomplishedthroughlanguage,art,religionandmoney.

4）Cultureisintegrated

Forthesakeofkeepingtheculture,functioningallaspectsoftheculturemustbeintegrated.Forexample,thelanguagemustbeabletodescribeallthefunctionswithinthecultureinorderforideasandidealstobetransmittedfromonepersontoanother.Withouttheintegrationoflanguageintothefabricoftheculture,confusionanddysfunctionwouldreignandtheculturewouldfail.

5）Cultureissubjectivetochange（Dynamic）

Itisnecessarytorecognizethatculturesaredynamicratherthanstatic.Theyareconstantlychangingandevolvingundertheimpactofeventsandthroughcontactwithothercultures.

6）Cultureisethnocentric

Ethnocentrismisthebeliefthatyourownculturalbackground,includingwaysofanalyzingproblems,values,beliefs,language,andverbalandnonverbalcommunication,iscorrect.Ethnocentristsbelievetheircultureisthecentralcultureandotherculturesareincorrect,ineffective,orquaint.

7）Cultureisadaptive

Historyofferssomanyexamplesofhowcultureshavechangedasaresultoflaws,shiftsinvalues,naturaldisasters,wars,orcalamities.MoreandmorewomenworkasCEOsinmajorcompaniesandasofficialsingovernmentinsteadofremainingathomelookingafterchildren.Bothwomenandmenhavemadeadaptationtothisculturalchange.

WesternPerspectiveofcommunication

Inwesterncultures,communicationisstudiedasthemeansoftransmittingideas.Westernculturesemphasizetheinstrumentalfunctionofcommunication;

thatis,effectivenessisevaluatedintermsofsuccessinthemanipulationofotherstoachieveone’spersonalgoalEasternperspectiveofcommunication

DefinitionsofcommunicationfrommanyAsiancountriesstressharmony,whichismostnotableincultureswithaConfuciantradition.Easterncultures’understandingwoulddefinecommunicationasaprocesswhereallpartiesaresearchingtodevelopandmaintainasocialrelationship.

2.Componentsofcommunication

Sender/Source〔信息源〕

Asender/sourceisthepersonwhotransmitsamessage

Message〔信息〕

Amessageisanysignalthattriggerstheresponseofareceiver.

Encoding〔编码〕

Encodingreferstotheactivityduringwhichthesender

mustchoosecertainwordsornonverbalmethodstosendanintentionalmessage.

Channel/Medium〔渠道〕

.Channel/Mediumisthemethodusedtodelivera

message.

Receiver〔信息接收者〕

Areceiverisanypersonwhonoticesandgives

somemeaningtoamessage.

Decoding〔解码〕

Decodingistheactivityduringwhichthereceiverattachesmeaningtothewordsorsymbolshe/shehasreceived.

Feedback〔反应〕

Theresponseofareceivertoasender’smessageiscalledfeedback.

Noise〔干扰〕

Noiseisatermusedforfactorsthatinterferewiththeexchangeofmessages,includingexternalnoise，physiologicalnoise,psychologicalnoiseandsemanticnoise.Noiseisinevitable.

1）ExternalNoise

Soundsthatdistractcommunicators:

voicesinthenextroom;

annoyingringofsomeone’scellphoneinameeting;

etc.

Othertypesofexternalnoisethatdon’tinvolvesound:

anovercrowdedroomorasmellycigar

（2）PhysiologicalNoise

illnessesanddisabilities

（3）PsychologicalNoise

forceswiththesenderorreceiverthatinterferewithunderstanding:

egotism;

hostility;

preoccupation;

fear;

（4）SemanticNoise

causedbyusingdifferentlanguages;

theuseofjargon;

differentunderstandingofthemessagedelivered;

3.CharacteristicsofCommunication

a.Communicationisdynamic

b.Communicationissystematic

c.Communicationissymbolic

d.Communicationisirreversible

e.Communicationistransactional

f.Communicationisself-reflective

g.Communicationiscontextual.

HighContext

Ahigh-context（HC）communicationormessageisoneinwhichmostoftheinformationiseitherinthephysicalcontextorinternalizedintheperson,whichverylittleisinthecoded,explicit,transmittedpartofthemessage.

Communicationoccursinwaysotherthanthroughlanguage.Peoplesharecontext.

HCcommunicationisfastandefficient,buttakeslongtimetolearn.

LowContext

Alow-context（LC）isjusttheopposite,themassofinformationisvestedintheexplicitcode.Communicationoccursmostlythroughlanguage.

low-contextsources:

newspapers,textbooks,lectures,roadmaps,announcements,instructionsheetsetc.

Moreimpersonal,buteffectiveintransmittinginformationamongpeoplewhodonotsharethesameexperience.

Hofstede’sculturaldimensions

1.Individualismversuscollectivism

2.Uncertaintyavoidance

3.Powerdistance

4.Masculinityversusfemininity

UncertaintyAvoidance

Thisdimensionreferstohowcomfortablepeoplefeeltowardsambiguity

Cultureswhichrankedlow（comparedtoothercultures）,feelmuchmorecomfortablewiththeunknown.

AccordingtoHofstede（霍夫斯太德）,uncertaintyavoidancereferstothelackoftoleranceforambiguityandtheneedforformalrulesandhigh-levelorganizationalstructure.

1.CultureShock

◆referstothetraumatic[trɔ:

'

mæ

tik]experiencethatanindividualmayencounterwhenenteringadifferentculture.

◆expressesthelackofdirection,thefeelingofnotknowingwhattodoorhowtodothingsinanewenvironment,andnotknowingwhatisappropriateorinappropriate.

4.Stagesofcultureshock

Thehoneymoonstageà

Thehostilitystageà

Therecoverystageà

Theadjustmentstageà

Thebiculturalitystage

1.Sapir-WhorfHypothesis

linguisticdeterministinterpretation---Languagestructurecontrolsthoughtsandculturalnorms.

linguisticrelativityinterpretation---Cultureiscontrolledbyandcontrolslanguage.

AccordingtotheSapir-Whorfhypothesis,languageisaguideto"

socialreality"

.Itimpliesthatlanguageisnotsimplyameansofreportingexperiencebut,moreimportant,itisawayofdefiningexperience.

Eg.NothingismoreimportantthanricetotheChinese,sowehaveexpressionslike“人是铁，饭是钢〞and“铁饭碗〞.

VerbalCommunicationStyles

Cultureinfluencesthestyleofcommunicationatgreatlevel.Thecommunicationstyleisconcernedwiththeuseoflanguage

1.DirectandIndirectVerbalInteractionStyles

Inthedirectverbalstyle,statementsclearlyrevealthespeaker’sintentions.

Eg.U.S.Americanstendtouseastraightforwardformofrequest.

Intheindirectverbalstyle,ontheotherhand,verbalstatementstendtohidethespeaker’sactualintentions.

Eg.Chinesetendtoaskforafavorinamoreroundaboutandimplicitway.〔P180）

2.Self-EnhancementandSelf-EffacementVerbalStyles

Ø

Theself-enhancementverbalstyleemphasizesthe

importanceofboastingaboutone’saccomplishmentsandabilities.

Eg.Intheclassifiedads,Americanadmightbeginwith,“Ahandsome,athleticmalewithagoodsenseofhumorseeksafun-lovingpartner…〞

Theself-effacementverbalstyle,ontheotherhand,

emphasizestheimportanceofhumblingoneselfviaverbalrestraints,hesitationsandmodesttalk.

Eg.Intheclassifiedads,Japaneseadmightread,“AlthoughIamnotverygood-looking,I’mwillingtotrymybest.〞

3.Elaborate,ExactingandSuccinctStyles

Anelaboratestyleemphasizesflashyandembellishedlanguage.ThisstyleofcommunicationcanbeseeninmanyArab,MiddleEastern,andAfro-Americancultures.

Anexactingstyle,wherepersonssaynomore