英语词汇学（全套课件1-10章）.pptx

英语词汇学（全套课件1-10章）.pptx

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英语词汇学Lecture1The3basicelementsofEnglish:

speechsoundsgrammarvocabularyLexicology:

abranchofLinguisticswhichstudiestheoriginsandmeaningsofwords.Tobespecific,theyincludeaspectsliketheformalandsemanticstructure,semanticrelationships,wordformationandusage,thehistoricaldevelopmentandevolutionofwords,etc.Ithassomethingtodowiththefollowingsubjects:

形态学、语体学、词典学、词源学、特定文化背景等。

AimsandSignificanceoftheCourse:

Toknowthegeneralrulesofwordformationwhichhelpsusenlargeourvocabulary.Tofostertheabilitytouse“therightword”.Asasayinggoes,“Rightwordsinrightplacesmakesagoodwriting”.Tohaveabetterawarenessoflanguage（English）.Togetadeeperunderstandingofthecultureofforeigncountries.Tosumup,EnglishLexicologyisatheoretically-orientedcourseaswellasasapracticalone.Whatisaword?

Pleasethinkbyyourselvesandgivethedefinitionofyourown.Theminimalfreeformofalanguage,whichhasagivensound,meaningandsyntacticfunction.WhatDoesVocabularyReferTo?

Thetotalnumberofwordsinalanguage.InEnglish,therearemorethanwords.A.100,00B.100,000C.onemillionD.onebillionIncluding:

Nativevs.AlienClassificationofEnglishwordsBasicWordStock:

A.AllnationalcharacterWordsthatarecommonlyused.B.Stability（relativelyspeaking）Havebeeninuseforcenturies.Somedisappearedbutmanymorearecreated.C.Productivity（canformnewwords）D.Polysemy（variousmeanings,“book”;“man”:

tomanadove）E.Collocability（formidioms,proverbs）Non-basicWords:

Terminology,jargon,slang,dialectalwords,etc.ContentWordsandFunctionalwordsNativewordsandBorrowedwordsThelattercanbedividedinto4types.Whatarethey?

（Homeworkforyourself-study）1）OldEnglishvocabulary（4501150AD）AfterRomans,3GermanictribescalledAngles,SaxonsandJutescontrolledEngland.TheirlanguageAnglo-Saxonalsodominatedtheland.Commonpractice:

combine2nativewordstocreatenewwords.Itwasahighlyinflectedlanguagewithabout50000-60000words.Inthe9thcentury,someNorwegiansandDanishinvadedEngland,whichbroughtsomeScandinavianwordssuchas:

skirt,window,skill,birth,egg”,etc.2）MiddleEnglish（11501500）TheNormansinvadedEnglandfromFrancein1066andmanyFrenchwordsflowedintoEnglish.（state,judge,power,prince,court,crime,peace,battle,etc.）3）ModernEnglish（1500-now）2sub-periodscanbedivided:

a.EarlyModernEnglish（1500-1700）BecauseoftheRenaissance,manyLatinandGreekwordsenteredEnglishandEnglishbegantohaveaLatinateflavor.b.LateModernEnglishAfterexperiencingtheIndustrialRevolutionandBourgeoisrevolution,Englandbaegcraemateeconomicpowerandbegantoabsorbwordsfromallmajorlanguagesintheworld.AfterWorldWarII,morewordsarecreatedbymeansofword-formation.GeneralCharacteristicsofModernEnglish1.Receptivity2.SimplicityofInflection（esp.endings）3.relativelyfixedword-orderAdvantahesanddisadvantagesco-existintermsoflearningEnglish.GrowthofContemporaryEnglishVocabulary3mainsourcesofmodernEnglishvocabulary:

1.Therapiddevelopmentofscienceandtechnology（moonwalk,smartbomb）2.Social,economicandpoliticalchanges（talkshow,thefourthworld,openuniversity,chairperson）3.Theinfluenceofotherculturesandlanguages（kungfu）ModesofVocabularyDevelopment1.Creation创新词mostimportantfruice,sportcast2.Semanticchange（旧词新义）economicwayofcreatingnewwordsweb,break,mouse3.Borrowing4.Revivingarchaicorobsoletewords,butinsignificantespeciallytoAmericanE（ngugleisshs,.sick,fall）Chapter3MorphologicalStructureofEnglishWordsMorphemes（词素）Awordisthesmallestunitofalanguagethatstandsalonetocommunicatemeaning.Structurally,awordisnotthesmallestunitbecausemanywordscanbeseparatedintoevensmallermeaningfulunits.MorphemesLetstakeinternationalizationasanexample,whichcanbebrokendownintointer-,nation,-al,-ize,-ation,eachhavingameaningofitsown.Andthesesegmentscannotbefurtherdivided;otherwise,theycouldnotmakeanysense.MorphemesUndesirability-un+-desire+-able+-ityImprovement-im+-prove+-mentUnfaithful-?

DefinitionofthemorphemeThemorphemeis“thesmallestfunctioningunitinthecompositionofwords”.（Crystal,1985）Morph语素形式,语子Thephoneticororthographicstringsorsegmentswhichrealizemorphemesare“morphs”.（p.44）Cats,bags,matches:

/s/,/z/,/iz/3morphs动词be的变化Allomorph:

词素变体Anallomorphisoneoftwoormorecomplementarymorphswhichmanifestamorphemeinitsdifferentphonologicalormorphologicalenvironments.cats,beds,horses,（-s,-z,-iz）feet,men;deer,fish动词过去时态变化ed,-ied;不规则变化词缀的变化如im-如：

/p,b,m/前的否定前缀：

（否则多为in-）Typesofmorphemes1.freemorpheme（thosethataremeaningfulandcanbeusedfreelyandindependentlysuchasearth,wind,boy,bite,etc.）2.boundmorpheme（粘着词素）Mainlyinderivativewordsrecollection:

Howmanyboundmorphemes?

AffixesFormsthatareattachedtowordsorwordelementstomodifymeaningorfunctionAlmostallaffixesarebound