考研英语语法之非谓语动词Word格式.docx
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考研英语语法之非谓语动词Word格式.docx
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tobebeingdone
tohavebeendone
举例:
Itisn’tcoldenoughfortheretobeafrosttonight,soIcanleaveJim’scaroutquitesafely.
Heseemstobeeatingsomething.
Accordingtoyourmarketreport,demandseemstobereturning.
Thelocalhealthorganizationisreportedtohavebeensetuptwenty-fiveyearsagowhenDr.Audiobecameitsfirstpresident.
不定式的语法功能:
1)作主语
Thetraditionalrulewasthatit’ssafer(tostaywhereyouare),butthat’sbeenfundamentallyinverted.Thepeoplewho’vebeenhurttheworstarethosewho’vestayedtoolong.
2)作宾语
Mostjournalistslearntoseetheworldthroughasetofstandardtemplates(patterns)intowhichtheyplugeachday’sevents.
Hefeelsithisdutytohelpothers.
3)作表语
Butalmostallhaveignoredthebig,profitableopportunityintheirownbackyard:
thewholesalefoodanddrinktrade,whichappearstobejustthekindofmarketretailersneed.
4)作定语
Tommadethedecisiontogoaroundtheworldinthreeyearsallalone.
Shehastheambitiontolearnotherlanguages.
ThepressuretocompetecausesAmericanstobeenergetic,butitalsoputsthemunderaconstantemotionalstrain.
5)作状语
Asadthingaboutlifeiswhenyoumeetsomeoneandfallinlove,onlytofindoutintheendthatyouhavewastedyearsonsomeonewhowasn’tworthit.
6)作补语
Themanwasseentofallheavilytothegroundandnevergetupagain.
注:
使役动词如make、let、have等以及感官动词hear、see、feel、watch、notice等之后所加的不定式要省略to,但是在被动语态中不可省略。
例如我们说seesbplayontheground,但被动态中我们说sbisseentoplayontheground。
不带to的动词不定式
1.在do…but/except结构中,当but或except前有实义动词do的某种形式时,后接不带to的动词不定式。
Thetrainislate,andIcandonothingbutwait.
比较:
TherewassoseriousamatterthatIhadnochoicebuttocallinthepolice.
2.在hadbetter,wouldrather/sooner…than…,rather…than,wouldjustassoon,mightjustaswell,cannot(help)but…等之后都必须接动词原形。
Tomcannotbutaskhissupervisortohelphimsolvethedifficultyhehasencounteredindoingtheproject.
3.在dofarmorethan后面不定式省略to。
Inthecourseofadaystudentsdofarmorethanjustattendclasses.
4.在感官动词或使役动词,如hear,listento,feel,see,lookat,watch,notice,observe,perceive,let,make,bid,have,note,leave等之后,不定式作宾语补足语时不带to。
Shefeltsomeonepatheronthehead.
for+名(代)词+不定式
It’sjustinconceivableforachildtodothatjob.
Thatisforyoutodecide.
It’stimeforustogo.
Hestoodasideforhertopass.
不定式的完成式:
1.不定式的一般式todo不能表示发生在谓语动词之前的动作,若要表达此意,需用tohavedone
AlbertEinstein,thegreatAmericanscientist,isestimatedtohavehadtheincredibleIQof200.
2.表示非真实的过去,本打算做但实际上没有实现的动作,如mean,intend,think,plan,hope,wish,purpose,would/shouldlike,was/were等。
Imeanttohavetelephoned,butIforgot.
Iplannedtohavevisitedyoulastnight,butIwastoobusy.
Iwastohavevisitedyoulastnight.
Iwastohavetelephoned,butIforgot.
二、动名词
doing
beingdone
havingdone
havingbeendone
Workingwithapersonalsearchagentmeanshavinganothersetofeyeslookingoutforyou.
ThereisnosignthatMr.Jospin,whokeepsafirmcontrolonthepartydespitehavingresignedfromleadershipofit,wouldintervenepersonally.
以主动态表被动义:
deserve,need,require,want,bear,take(需要),stand(忍受),worth等。
Themethoddeservesrecommending.
Yourhairneedscutting.
Thatnovelisnotworthreading.
动名词的语法功能:
Homeapplianceswillalsobecomesosmartthatcontrollingandoperatingthemwillresultinthebreakoutofanewpsychologicaldisorder–kitchenrage.
2)做宾语
Thetrendinsports,though,maybeobscuringanunrecognizedreality:
Americanshavegenerallystoppedgrowing.
Thehighcostofrawmaterialsiskeepingpricesup.
Wastingtimeisrobbingoneself.
Astrophysicistsworkingwithground-baseddetectorsattheSouthPoleandballoon-borneinstrumentsareclosinginonsuchstructures,andmayreporttheirfindingssoon.
动名词的复合结构:
名词属格或物主代词+动名词
Sophia’shavingseenthemdidnotsurpriseus.
It’snouseyourtryingtodeceiveme.
Ican’tbearhisstayingupsolate.
Excusemyinterruptingyou.
三、分词
现在分词:
动词原形+ing
过去分词:
动词原形+ed
Buildingonthebasictruthaboutinterpersonalinfluence,theresearchersstudiedthedynamicsofsocialinfluence(byconductingthousandsofcomputersimulationsofpopulations),manipulatinganumberofvariablesrelatingto(people’sabilitytoinfluenceothersandtheirtendencytobeinfluenced).
现在分词与过去分词区别
从语态角度讲,现在分词表主动,过去分词表被动
1.Whathesaidwasverytouching.
2.Iwastouchedbythesight.
从时态角度讲:
现在分词表动作正在进行,过去分词表动作的完成。
1.fallingleaves,fallenleaves
2.therisingsun,therisensun
3.developingcountries,developedcountries
现在分词与动名词的区别:
1)现在分词是动词的一种非限定形式,主要起形容词和副词的作用,在句子中做定语、表语、状语,有时也用在复合结构中。
Thisisanamusingstory.
Thebookisinteresting.
Thestudentscameintotheclassroom,laughingandtalking.
Iheardhimsingingintheroomlastnight.
2)动名词也是动词的另一种非限定形式,顾名思义,它既源于动词,又具有名词的功能,因此它在句子中起名词的作用,可单独或以动名词短语的形式做主语、宾语、定语、表语。
Learningaforeignlanguagewellisnoeasyjob.
Myfavoritesportisskating.
Haveyoufinishedcorrectingthestudents’paper
Wehadbetterputoffdiscussingittillnextweek.
当现在分词和动名词充当不同的功能时,很容易区分:
1.Mymothergoesshoppingeveryday.
2.Mymotherdoesshoppingeveryday.
3.BeingaqualifiedmiddleschoolEnglishteacherisnoteasy.
4.Beingacollegestudent,Imuststudyhard.
当现在分词和动名词充当相同的功能时,例如表语和定语,区别就比较困难:
5.Thesituationisencouraging.
6.Readingislearning.
现在分词多表示主语或逻辑主语的具体特征或行为,动名词则表示抽象的、一般的行为。
7.aleadingcomrade定语=acomradewholeads
8.aswimmingpool定语=apoolusedforswimming
现在分词多表示所修饰对象的动作,它与被它修饰的名词倒过来是主谓结构,而动名词则表示所修饰词的用途,和所修饰的词逻辑上没有主谓关系。
9.asleepingbaby=ababywhoissleeping
10.asleepingcar=acarusedforsleeping
又如:
dininghall,teachingfacilities
分词的语法功能
1)做定语
Blueskiesarenotalwaysaguaranteeofcontinuingfineweather.
AdamandEvewereinducedtoeattheForbiddenFruitbySatan.
Amangettingupassoonasthecockcrowsisahard-workingman.
MostofthepeopleinvitedtothepartywerefamousscientistsfromSouthAfrica.
2)做状语
Whileplayingthepiano,shegotveryexcited.
Notrecognizingthevoice,herefusedtogivethepersonhisaddress.
Eventhoughdefeatedagain,thescientistsdidn’tgiveup.
Thesuitcasewaslocked,lefttoTom.
Hehurriedtothehall,followedbytwoguards.
Seenfromthespaceship,theearthisablueplanet.
3)作表语
Travellingisinterestingbuttiring.
Thepupilswillgetconfusediftheyaremadetolearntoomuch.
4)做宾补
Theparentscanheartheirdaughtersinging.
Ididn’tmakemyselfheardbecausealotofpeoplecriedinthehall.
练习:
Beinginterestedintherelationshipoflanguageandthought,Whorfdevelopedtheideathatthestructureoflanguagedeterminesthestructureofhabitualthoughtinasociety.
TheprocesssweepsfromhyperactiveAmericatoEuropeandreachestheemergingcountrieswithunsurpassedmight.
Becausecurrentfederallawalreadyforbidstheuseoffederalfundstocreateembryos(theearlieststageofhumanoffspringbeforebirth)forresearchortoknowinglyendangeranembryo’slife,NBACwillremainsilentonembryoresearch.
四、独立主格结构
独立主格是一种书面文体的状语表达形式。
1.像一个句子,有自己的主语,却没有完整、独立的谓语,但与变了形的谓语形式在逻辑上构成主谓或主系关系;
2.在形式上与主句没关系,常用逗号与主句隔开(不绝对);
3.在功能上相当于一个带有自己主语的非限制性状语从句,但没有连词的引导。
Weatherpermitting,wearegoingtovisityoutomorrow.
Themeetinggoneover,everyonewantedtogohomeearlier.
Theywillsendyouthebookfor﹩10,postageincluded.
Forasmallgroupofstudents,professionaltrainingmightbethewaytogosincewelldevelopedskills,allotherfactorsbeingequal,canbethedifferencebetweenhavingajobornot.Theplanwasthatthecontendingpartiesshouldreachanearlyagreementonbasicprinciples,thedetailstobeworkedoutlater.
独立主格生成法:
1.有be动词去掉be动词
2.无be动词,加-ing
Jimmywalkedslowlytotheplayground.Hisfacewascoveredwithtears.
→Jimmywalkedslowlytotheplayground,hisfacecoveredwithtears.
Thetaxispedaway.Itslightsdisappearedintodistance.
→Thetaxispedaway,itslightsdisappearingintodistance.
特殊:
以下三种情况不能去掉be动词,而要变成being
1.独立主格的逻辑主语为代词时:
ItwasSunday.Wewenttochurch.
→ItbeingSunday,wewenttochurch.
2.Therebe句型中:
Therewasnobus.Wehadtogohomeonfoot.
→Therebeingnobus,wehadtogohomeonfoot.
3.表示正在被做
Thedinnerisbeingcooked.Wehavetowaitforawhile.
→Thedinnerbeingcooked,wehavetowaitforawhile.
独立主格结构基本形式
名词/代词+现在分词/过去分词
Thetestfinished,ourholidaybegan.
名词/代词+形容词
Hecameintotheroom,hisearsredwithcold.
名词/代词+副词
Classover,allstudentswenttoplayontheplayground.
名词/代词+不定式
Moretimetobegiven,wewillmakefulluseofit,
名词/代词+介词短语
Themurderergotintothehouse,aknifeinhishand.
Thegrandmediocrityoftoday–everyonebeingthesameinsurvivalandnumberofoffspring–meansthatnaturalselectionhaslost80%ofitspowerinupper-middleclassIndiacomparedtothetribes.
Otherthingsequal,amanwhoexpresseshimselfeffectivelyissuretosucceedmorerapidlythanamanwhosecommandoflanguageispoor.
with/without的复合结构做独立主格
(独立主格作伴随状语时,可用with的复合结构,也可不用)
1.with+名词/代词+形容词/方位副词(做宾补)
Withtherisksobviousandgrowing,aprudentpeoplewouldtakeoutaninsurancepolicynow.
2.with+名词/代词+介词短语(做宾补)
Acarefulbalancehastobestruck:
ifyoushowalabor-savingdevice,f
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