泛读讲义Word文档下载推荐.docx
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泛读讲义Word文档下载推荐.docx
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follow(follows,following,followed).
Invariablewordsrefertothosewordssuchassince,when,seldom,through,hello.Theydonothaveinflectiveendings.
(2)Grammaticalwords/Functionwordsandlexicalwords/Contentwords
Grammaticalwords/Functionwordsmainlyworkforconstructinggroup,phrase,clause,clausecomplex,oreventextaregrammaticalwords,suchas,conjunctions,prepositions,articles,andpronouns.
Lexicalwords/Contentwordsmainlyworkforreferringtosubstance,actionandquality,suchasnouns,verbs,adjectives,andadverbs.(Examplesareomitted.)
(3)Closed-classwordsandopen-classwords
Awordthatbelongstotheclosed-classisonewhosemembershipisfixedorlimited,suchaspronouns,prepositions,conjunctions,articles,andothers.Onecannoteasilyaddordeduceanewmember.
Theopen-classisonewhosemembershipisinprincipleinfiniteorunlimited.Whennewideas,inventions,ordiscoveriesemerge,newmembersarecontinuallyandconstantlybeingaddedtothelexicon.Nouns,verbs,adjectivesandmanyadverbsareallopen-classitems.(Examplesareomitted.)
(4)Wordclass
Itisclosetothenotionofpartsofspeech:
noun,pronoun,adjective,verb,adverb,preposition,conjunction,interjection,article,particle,auxiliary,anddeterminer(e.g.the,a,an,some,all,both,half).
3.Whataredifferentwaysofwordformation?
(1)Affixation
a.Prefixation:
unmask,impossible,unfair,illegal,irregular,non-smoker,dislike,inappropriate,misunderstand,maltreat;
post-war,Microsoft,television,,befriend,enable,international.
b.Suffixation:
development,likelihood,socialism,revival,education,actor,writer,addressee,kindness;
foolish,envious,thankful,imaginable,simplify,modernize,widen.
(2)Compounding
Mortgageslvave(n+n,房奴),sunrise(n+v),pickpocket(v+n),icy-cold(adj+adj),blackboard(adj+n).
(3)Clipping
Van(advantage),flu(influenza),vegetables(veggies),mike(microphone),coke(cocacola).
(4)Back-formation
Laze(fromlazy),auth(fromauthor),beg(frombeggar),edit(fromeditor).
(5)Acronym
Laser(lightwaveamplificationbystimulatedemissionofradiation)
(6)Initialism
Vip(veryimportantperson)
(7)Conversion
Desire(v,n),straight(adj,adv).
ⅡRelatedinformation:
HistoryofEnglish
1.ChurchLatin:
WhiletheAnglo-SaxonswereestablishingtheirpowerinEnglandandmakingtheirlanguagethemainlanguageofthecountry,theRomanEmpirewassinkingdeeperanddeeperintotrouble.ByA.D.476thewesternempirehadceasedtoexist.AndsincetheGermanicpeoplehavenointerestinpreservingRomanculture,itjustdied.TheChurchwasallthatwasleftofRomancivilization.ButLatinsurvivedasthelanguageofchurchandthewealthy,educatedclass,andwastohaveaprofoundeffectonthedevelopmentofsouthernEuropeandEngland.
2.MiddleEnglish:
GerffreyChaucerwasbornsomehundredyearsafterthelastwaroftheCrusades(1095-1291),intheearlypartofRenaissancewhileShakespearewasborninthelastpartofRenaissance.Duringthelifetimeofthesetwogreatwriters,theEnglishlanguagewassortingitselfoutfromthechaosofMiddleEnglish.BythetimeofShakespeare’sdeathin1616,ourhistoryandlanguagehadenteredthemodernperiod.
ⅢTextComprehension
4/5wordsAnglo-Saxon,GermanicandFrench
600000words
borrowedwords
1/5words
wordsfromnamesof
placesorpeoples
otherwordsimitativewords
inventedwords
Ⅳ
ComprehensionQuestions
1.Whydopeopleusegobbledygook?
Whenpeopletalkorwriteusingling,fancywordsthatreallymeannothing,wecallitgobbledygook.Unfortunately,manypeopleusegobbdygookbecausetheywanttoseemmoreimportantthantheyare,orbecausetheydon’treallywantpeopletounderstandwhattheymeanorwhattheyaredoing.
2.What’sHumptyDumpty’sopinionregardingthemeaningofaword?
Doyouagree?
Whyorwhynot?
Dumptyinsistswordscanmeanwhateverhewantsthemtomean.Aliceinsiststhatthisisimpossible.Ifeveryonedidthatnoonewouldunderstandanyoneelse.
3.Whatmakeamasteroflanguage?
CanyounamesomemasterofEnglishlanguage?
Amasteroflanguageknowswhatwordsreallymean,andwheretheycomefrom;
knowswhentousebig,importantonesandwhentousetheshorter,equallyimportantsimpleones.ChurchillwasagreatBritishprimeminister.Hewasalsoagreatwriter,trulyamasteroflanguage.Hesaidonce,“Shortwordsarebest,andoldwordswhentheyareshort,arebestofall.”
ⅤReadingSkill:
NewspaperHeadline
Newspaper,alongwithreportingthenews,instructs,entertain,andgiveopinions.ANewspaperhasseparatesections:
worldnews,nationalandlocalnews,sports,business,entertainment,opinions,comics,classifiedads,etc.
Youcanbeabetterreader,ifyouknowwhattoexpectinanewspaper.Forexample,whenyoureadanewspaperyouusuallylookquicklyatheadlinesfirst.Newspaperheadlineshavealanguageoftheirownanditisnecessarytolearnaboutit.
◆
Twotypesofheadline
Therearetwotypesofheadlines.MostnewsstoriesintheBangkokPostusesentenceheadlinesalthoughtheymaybeshortenedbyomittingcertainwordsasyouwillseelater.Manyfeaturestoriesandsomeveryshortnewsstoriesusephraseheadlinesortitleswhichleaveouttheverb.Herearesomeexamplesofboth:
1.
Sentenceheadlines
Policerescue12diversaslaunchsinksoffPhi
Penmanufacturersstillseegoodfutureforluxurypens
2.
Phraseheadlines
Gettingintouchwiththespirits
Heroismandcowardiceatthe“TopoftheWorld”
Rewardfortracingsuspect
3.Thegrammarofsentenceheadlines
AlmostallsentenceheadlinesintheBangkokPostusethepresenttense—despitethefactthattheygenerallydescribepastevents.Thepresenttensegivesthesubjectasenseoffreshnessandimmediacy,makingitmoreinterestingtoread.
Headlinespackagreatdealofinformationintoalimitedspace,soitisnotsurprisingthatBangkokPostheadlinewritersuseseveralmethodstoconservespace.Oneobviousexampleistouseabbreviations(“PM”for“PrimeMinister”,etc.).Buttheyalsouseaspecialgrammar,omittingarticles(“a”and“the”)andtheverb“tobe”whereverpossible.
Cooperationagreementsigned
(Acooperationagreementissigned)
Australianex-judgeswornintorepresentUKqueen
(AnAustralianex-judgeisswornintorepresenttheUnitedKingdomqueen)
Besuretonoticethattheomissionoftheverb“tobe”canmaketheheadlineappeartobeinthepasttensewhenitisactuallypresenttense,passivevoice.
ⅥHomework
1.Findyourownexamplesofeachkindsofthementionstypeofwords.
2.Finishtheexercisesbehindthetext.
3.Homereading:
4.PreviewUnit2
ObjectivesofUnit1:
1.KnowingthehistoryofEnglishvocabulary.
2.UnderstandingthecompositionofEnglishvocabulary
3.Learningreadingskill:
newspaperheadlines
Timearrangement
1.Text:
2hours
2.Discussion:
0.5hour
3.ReadingSkill:
1hour
KeyWords
1.imitativewords:
onomatopoeia,referringtothewordsthatsoundlikethethingoractiontheystandfor.
2.compoundwords:
wordsmadeupoftwoindependentwords.
3.root,suffix,prefix
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